Atoms & Electrons (College Board AP® Chemistry)

Oxygen has 6 electrons.

Chlorine has 17 valence electrons.

Calcium has 12 p electrons.

Copper has 9 d electrons.

53 protons, 24 neutrons, 53 electrons

24 protons, 53 neutrons, 24 electrons

26 protons, 24 neutrons, 24 electrons

24 protons, 29 neutrons, 24 electrons

the average distance of the electron from the nucleus.

the shape of the orbital.

the orientation of the orbital in space.

the spin of the electron.

It is the energy required to add an electron to an atom or ion in the gaseous state and is always endothermic.

It is the energy required to add an electron to an atom or ion in the gaseous state and is always exothermic.

It is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion in the gaseous state and is always endothermic.

It is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom or ion in the gaseous state and is always exothermic.

Cr⁺

V³⁺

Ti²⁺

V²⁺

Mg (g) → Mg²⁺ (g) + 2e^-

Mg⁺ (g) → Mg²⁺ (g) + e^-

Mg (g) → Mg⁺ (g) + e^-

Mg⁺ → Mg²⁺ + e^-

15 protons, 16 neutrons, 18 electrons

15 protons, 16 neutrons, 15 electrons

16 protons, 15 neutrons, 18 electrons

15 protons, 16 neutrons, 12 electrons

I, III & IIII

I & II

II & III

I only