College Board AP® Chemistry
Exam Questions

The Mole Concept, Masses & Particles, Molar Mass

Mass Spectrum of an Element, Average Atomic Mass

Elemental Composition, Composition of Mixtures, Elemental Analysis

Atomic Structure, Using Coulomb’s Law, Electron Configuration, The Aufbau Principle, Ionization Energy, Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Structure of the Periodic Table, Periodic Trends, Predicting Properties of Elements, Valence Electrons & Ionic Compounds

Electronegativity Values, Covalent Bonds, Ionic vs Covalent, Valence Electrons in a Metallic Solid, Intramolecular Force & Potential Energy, Coulomb's Law & Attractive Forces

Ionic Crystals, Representing Metallic Bonding, Interstitial Alloys, Substitutional Alloys

Lewis Diagrams, Resonance & Lewis Structures, Formal Charge, Limitations of Lewis Structures

VSEPR Theory, Hybridization, Sigma & Pi Bonds

London Dispersion Forces, Dipole-Induced Dipole Interactions, Dipole-Dipole Interactions, Ion-Dipole Interactions, Molecular Dipole Moment, Hydrogen Bonding, Interactions in Large Biomolecules

Explaining the Properties of Solids & Liquids, Properties of Ionic Solids, Covalent Network Solids, Molecular Solids, Metallic Solids, Noncovalent Interactions in Large Molecules, The Structure of Solids, The Liquid Phase, The Gas Phase

The Ideal Gas Law, Partial Pressure & Total Pressure, Graphical Representations of the Gas Laws, Kinetic Molecular Theory, The Maxwell Boltzmann Distribution, Non-Ideal Behavior of Gases

Calculations About Solutions, Homogeneous & Heterogeneous Mixtures, Molarity, Particulate Representations of Solutions, Separation By Chromatography, Separation by Distillation, Solubility of Ionic & Molecular Compounds

The Electromagnetic Spectrum, Transitions Associated with Radiation, Properties of Photons, Beer-Lambert Law

Physical & Chemical Changes, Representing Chemical Changes, Balancing Chemical Equations, Physical & Chemical Processes

Conservation of Mass, Mole Calculations, Ideal Gas Law & Solutions, Introduction to Titration

Identifying Acid-Base Reactions, Oxidation-Reduction Reactions, Assigning Oxidation Numbers, Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions, Precipitation Reactions

Brønsted-Lowry Acids & Bases, Conjugate Acids & Bases

Measuring Reaction Rate, Stoichiometry & Reaction Rate, Factors Affecting Reaction Rate, Introduction to Rate Law, Concentration-Time Graphs, Manipulating Concentration-Time Graphs, Concentration-Time Graphs & Rate Constants, Concentration-Time Graphs & Half-Life, Catalysts & Reaction Rate , Catalysts in Action

Elementary Reactions, Collision Model, Reaction Energy Profiles, The Arrhenius Equation

Reaction Mechanisms, Reaction Mechanism & Rate Law, Pre-Equilibrium Approximation, Multistep Reaction Energy Profile

Energy of Phase Changes, Exothermic & Endothermic Reactions, Energy Diagrams, Thermal Energy & Molecular Collisions

Energy Transfers, Calorimetry Calculations

Enthalpy of Reaction, Enthalpy & Bond Energies, Enthalpy of Formation, Hess's Law

Reactions & Equilibrium, Reversible Reactions

The Reaction Quotient, Calculating the Equilibrium Constant, Magnitude of the Equilibrium Constant, Manipulating the Equilibrium Constant

Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations, Representations of Equilibrium

Le Châtelier’s Principle, Reaction Quotient & Le Châtelier’s Principle

Solubility-Product Constant, Common-Ion Effect

pH & pOH, The Ionic Product of Water, pH & pOH of Strong Acids & Bases

Ionization of Weak Acids & Weak Bases, Acid-Base Reactions, Relative Strength of Acids & Bases, pH & pKa

Titration Curves & Equivalence Points, Titration Curves & Half-Equivalence Points, Titration Curves of Polyprotic Acids, Acid-Base Indicators

Properties of Buffers, The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation, Buffer Capacity, pH & Solubility

Introduction to Entropy, Entropy Calculations

Gibbs Free Energy Change, Thermodynamic Favorability, Gibbs Free Energy Calculations, Thermodynamic & Kinetic Control, Free Energy & Equilibrium, Coupled Reactions, Free Energy of Dissolution

Electrochemical Cells, Cell Potential & Thermodynamic Favorability, Cell Potential Under Nonstandard Conditions, Cell Potential & the Nernst Equation, Electrolysis & Faraday’s Law