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AP®BiologyCollege BoardExam QuestionsUnit 2: Cell Structure & FunctionCell Structure

Cell Structure (College Board AP® Biology)

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Cell Structure

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Cell Structure

1
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The Golgi complex is a membrane-bound structure that consists of a series of flattened membrane sacs. The Golgi complex has a number of different functions. Which of the following is not a function of the Golgi complex?

  • Folding of newly synthesized proteins.

  • Chemical modification of newly synthesized proteins.

  • Creation of newly synthesized proteins.

  • Packaging of newly synthesized proteins for protein trafficking.

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2
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Fish are adapted for effective gas exchange by way of a specialized exchange surface called gills.

Scientists collected data on how fish gill surface area is affected by body mass of the fish in different environments. Fish were placed in four different environments:

  • Hyperoxia (excess oxygen concentration in water) at either warm or cool temperatures

  • Normoxia (normal oxygen concentration in water) at either warm or cool temperatures

The results are shown in Figure 1.

Graph showing gill surface area vs. body mass for four conditions: cool normoxia, cool hyperoxia, warm normoxia, and warm hyperoxia, with trend lines.
Figure 1. Scatter plot showing gill surface area versus body mass

Which of the following best explains the data shown in Figure 1?

  • As organisms increase in size, their surface area-to-volume ratio decreases; therefore, larger organisms require specialized exchange surfaces to meet oxygen demands.

  • As organisms increase in size, their surface area-to-volume ratio increases, therefore, larger organisms require specialized exchange surfaces to meet oxygen demands.

  • Fish within a warm and normoxic environment have the largest gill surface area.

  • Temperature has an effect on gill surface area.

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3
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Peroxisomes are small, spherical, single-membrane bound organelles with a diameter of 0.1–1 μm. They are found in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells. Peroxisomes perform a variety of metabolic functions, including lipid metabolism and detoxification. Figure 1. shows an electron micrograph of a peroxisome.

Microscopic image showing a detailed view of circular bacterial cells, each measuring approximately 4 micrometres in diameter, with textured surfaces.
Figure 1. An electron micrograph of a peroxisome.

Which of the following is the correctly calculated volume of the peroxisome?

  • 0.8352 μm3

  • 0.2673 μm3

  • 0.0334 μm3

  • 0.0188 μm3

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4
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Algae are aquatic eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms. Algal cells contain chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have a complex structure made up of stroma, thylakoids, and grana. Which of the following is true for algal chloroplasts?

  • The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur in the stroma.

  • The stroma is the fluid within the inner chloroplast membrane and outside of the thylakoid.

  • The carbon fixation (Calvin-Benson cycle) reactions of photosynthesis occur in the grana.

  • The grana are organized in stacks, called thylakoids.

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Plant vacuoles are organelles that can occupy more than 90% of the cell volume and are essential to plant cell growth and development. Scientists investigated the Influence of growth substances (IAA and FC), heavy metals (Cd and Pb), and their combination on the volume of vacuoles isolated from red reet (Beta vulgaris) taproot cells.

The scientists' results are shown in Figure 1.

Bar chart showing vacuole volume changes (%) over time (18-60 min) for different treatments: Cd + IAA, Pb + FC, etc. Includes error bars and a key.
Figure 1. A comparison of the effects of growth substances, heavy metals, and their combination on the volume changes of vacuole

Which of the following best describes the data shown in Figure 1?

  • As time increases the volume of vacuoles varies in all plants

  • There is no significant difference in the volume of vacuoles with different substances over time

  • Lead and cadmium affect vacuole volume in Beta vulgaris over time

  • Heavy metals affect the size of vacuoles in Beta vulgaris

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