College Board AP® Biology
Exam Questions

Structure & Properties of Water, Hydrogen Bonding in Water, Chemical Elements Required for Life, Exchange of Carbon & Nitrogen to Build Biological Molecules

Monomers & Polymers as Biological Molecules, Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Complex Carbohydrates, Lipids, Phospholipids, How Subcomponents are Arranged in Biological Molecules

Nucleic Acid Structure: DNA & RNA

Cellular Organelles 1, Cellular Organelles 2, Cellular Organelles 3, Structural Features of a Cell for Metabolism, How Cell Size Affects Exchange of Materials, Maximizing Surface Area-to-Volume Ratios, Specialized Exchange Strategies

Plasma Membrane Structure, Selective Permeability of Plasma Membranes, Passive Transport, Active Transport, Facilitated Diffusion, Tonicity, Osmoregulation, Mechanisms of Transport

Membrane-Bound Organelles, Differences Between Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells, Endosymbiosis

Enzyme Structure, Lowering of Activation Energy, Factors that Affect Enzyme Activity, Enzyme Inhibition

Energy in the Cell, Fitness of Biological Molecules

Overview of Photosynthesis, The Role of Chlorophyll in Harnessing Light Energy, The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis, The Light-Independent Reactions of Photosynthesis

Overview of Respiration, ATP as the Product of Respiration, Glycolysis, Oxidation of Pyruvate, Krebs Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Fermentation

How Cells Communicate With Each Other, Signal Transduction Pathways, Signal Transduction, Changes in Signal Transduction Pathways, The Role of Feedback Mechanisms

The Cell Cycle in Eukaryotes, Regulation of the Cell Cycle

The Stages of Meiosis, Meiosis & Mitosis Compared, Meiosis Increases Genetic Diversity

DNA & RNA Carry Genetic Information, Mendel's Laws, Deviations from Mendel's Inheritance Model, Phenotypic Plasticity, Chromosomal Variation in Sexual Reproduction

Forms of Nucleic Acids, Replication of DNA, From DNA to mRNA, From mRNA to Protein

How Some Molecules Affect Gene Expression, Promoters & Suppressors

Causes of Mutation, Effects of Mutations, Mutations & Natural Selection

Genetic Engineering Techniques, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Bacterial Transformation, DNA Sequencing

The Theory of Natural Selection, Natural Selection & Populations, Phenotypic Variation & Selection, How Humans Affect Diversity of Other Species

Random Occurrences & Genetic Diversity, Conditions Required for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, The Hardy-Weinberg Equation

Data That Supports Evolution, Evidence for Change in Organisms Over Time, Evidence for Common Ancestry, Evolution is an Ever-Continuing Process, Phylogenetic Trees & Cladograms, Types of Speciation, Speciation & Diversity, The Importance of Extinction, Implications of Allele Variations Within a Population, How Life Started on Earth: Theories

Organisms Respond to Environmental Cues, Strategies to Optimize Energy Use, Body Size & Metabolic Rate, Food Chains & Food Webs, Trophic Pyramids & Diagrams

Factors That Influence Population Growth, Resources & Population Density, Interactions Between Populations

Ecosystem Resilience Through Biodiversity, Maintaining Balance Within an Ecosystem, Adaptation & Mutation, Human Activities Affect Ecosystems, Geological & Meteorological Activity