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What is meant by demand characteristics?
Demand characteristics are any instance of interaction/interference between the research process and the participant.
Which one of the following is an example of a demand characteristic?
a) Participants feeling that they are in a neutral space
b) Participants behaving in different ways towards the researcher:
c) Participants understanding that they will be required to undertake a particular task
b.
A demand characteristic is participants behaving in different ways towards the researcher.
For example, trying to please, annoy or being nervous.
True or False?
One way to control for demand characteristics is to use a single-blind procedure.
True.
One way to control for demand characteristics is to use a single-blind procedure.
This means that the participants do not know which condition they have been assigned to.
Therefore they are not able to respond according to what they think is being tested in that condition.
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What is meant by demand characteristics?
Demand characteristics are any instance of interaction/interference between the research process and the participant.
Which one of the following is an example of a demand characteristic?
a) Participants feeling that they are in a neutral space
b) Participants behaving in different ways towards the researcher:
c) Participants understanding that they will be required to undertake a particular task
b.
A demand characteristic is participants behaving in different ways towards the researcher.
For example, trying to please, annoy or being nervous.
True or False?
One way to control for demand characteristics is to use a single-blind procedure.
True.
One way to control for demand characteristics is to use a single-blind procedure.
This means that the participants do not know which condition they have been assigned to.
Therefore they are not able to respond according to what they think is being tested in that condition.
Investigator effects occur when the researcher's presence/behaviour interferes with the research process and becomes a source of .
Investigator effects occur when the researcher's presence/behaviour interferes with the research process and becomes a source of bias .
Which two of the following are potential sources of investigator effects?
a) The way in which the experimental space is set up
b) The mood of the participants
c) The researcher's tone of voice
d) What the researcher is wearing
c. and d.
The researcher's tone of voice and what they are wearing can impact how participants react to them are examples of potential investigator effects.
One way to control for investigator effects is to use a -blind procedure.
This means that the participants and the researcher do not know which condition each participant has been assigned to.
One way to control for investigator effects is to use a double-blind procedure.
This means that the participants and the researcher do not know which condition each participant has been assigned to.
What is meant by randomisation?
Randomisation refers to the deliberate avoidance of bias on the part of the researcher to keep the research as objective as possible.
How might a researcher randomly allocate participants to condition?
Participants could be randomly allocated to condition selecting names one by one out of a hat or by using random name-generator software.
What is meant by standardisation?
Standardisation is the term used to describe the identical procedure set up in an experiment (or the questions used in a self-report) across all conditions/participants.
Which one of the following aspects of a study cannot be standardised?
a) The participants who make up the sample
b) The instructions given to participants
c) The procedure carried out per condition
d) The debriefing given after the experiment
a.
The participants who make up the sample cannot be standardised.
This is because people cannot be replicated as instructions or procedures can.
What is meant by pilot study?
A pilot study is a small-scale trial that is run to test some or all aspects of the proposed investigation.
Which study of social influence was originally intended to be a pilot study?
Milgram's (1963) study into obedience was originally intended to be a pilot study but in light of the findings it became the published study it is known today.
True or False?
Pilot studies are conducted during the research to identify any issues that arise and that are causing problems with the process.
False.
Pilot studies are conducted before the research to identify any issues that could arise and that could cause problems further down the line.
Which one of the following is not an aim of a pilot study?
a) To identify flaws in the design of the procedure
b) To check that ethical guidelines are adhered to
c) To 'weed out' any unsuitable participants
d) To test for reliability and validity
c.
To 'weed out' any unsuitable participants is not the aim of a pilot study.
Pilot studies enable the researcher to identify in the proposed study and then them or find suitable alternatives.
Pilot studies enable the researcher to identify problems in the proposed study and then fix them or find suitable alternatives.
True or False?
There are never financial reasons for conducting a pilot study.
False.
There are financial reasons for conducting a pilot study.
The findings of a pilot study can be used as evidence to obtain funding for the research.
If the researcher makes any alterations after conducting the pilot study they must then:
a) run another pilot study to test the new and improved procedure/measure
b) carry on and run the experiment
c) stop trying to investigate the specific topic
d) consult their Ethics Committee
a.
If the researcher makes any alterations after conducting the pilot study they must then run another pilot study to test the new and improved procedure/measure.
If a pilot study finds that the sample is difficult to generalise from then a more group of participants could be used instead.
If a pilot study finds that the sample is difficult to generalise from then a more representative group of participants could be used instead.