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Circadian rhythms operate on a 24-hour , which is reset by levels of .
Circadian rhythms operate on a 24-hour cycle, which is reset by levels of light.
Which nuclei in the hypothalamus detect the level of light present?
a) Superhydrogenated nuclei
b) Supercalafragilistic nuclei
c) Suprachiasmatic nuclei
c.
The SCN (suprachiasmatic nuclei) in the hypothalamus detect the level of light present.
The SCN then uses this information to coordinate the activity of the entire circadian system by either triggering sleep or telling the body to wake up.
Which hormone plays a role in triggering sleep by responding to a decrease in the levels of light?
Melatonin plays a role in triggering sleep by responding to a decrease in the levels of light?
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Circadian rhythms operate on a 24-hour , which is reset by levels of .
Circadian rhythms operate on a 24-hour cycle, which is reset by levels of light.
Which nuclei in the hypothalamus detect the level of light present?
a) Superhydrogenated nuclei
b) Supercalafragilistic nuclei
c) Suprachiasmatic nuclei
c.
The SCN (suprachiasmatic nuclei) in the hypothalamus detect the level of light present.
The SCN then uses this information to coordinate the activity of the entire circadian system by either triggering sleep or telling the body to wake up.
Which hormone plays a role in triggering sleep by responding to a decrease in the levels of light?
Melatonin plays a role in triggering sleep by responding to a decrease in the levels of light?
True or False?
Shift work and jet lag do not generally affect circadian rhythms.
False.
Shift work and jet lag have been found to lead to the desynchronisation of circadian rhythms and can lead to adverse cognitive and physiological effects.
Whose research supports the idea that the sleep-wake cycle has a duration of just over 24 hours?
a) Loftus & Palmer
b) Maguire
c) Zimbardo
d) Siffre
d.
Siffre's research (the 'cave study') supports the idea that the sleep-wake cycle has a duration of just over 24 hours.
Siffre had some artificial light sources throughout his procedure which decreases the study's:
a) reliability
b) validity
c) ethics
b.
Siffre had some artificial light sources throughout his procedure which decreases the study's validity.
What are infradian rhythms?
Infradian rhythms are cycles that last more than 24 hours.
E.g., the menstrual cycle.
McClintock & Stern conducted research into infradian rhythms and found that:
a) 68% of the participants' menstrual cycles had synchronised
b) there was no synchronicity between any of the participant's menstrual cycles
c) 100% of the participants' menstrual cycles had synchronised
a.
McClintock & Stern conducted research into infradian rhythms and found that 68% of the participants' menstrual cycles had synchronised.
Which one of the following is not a potential extraneous variable that could compromise the findings of McLintock & Stern?
a) Each woman's diet and nutrition
b) Each woman's personality
c) Each woman's exercise regime
b.
Each woman's personality is not a potential extraneous variable that could compromise the findings of McLintock & Stern.
What are ultradian rhythms?
Ultradian rhythms are cycles which occur under 24-hours.
E.g., the individual cycles of sleep.
True or False?
Stages 3 and 4 are known as the sleep escalator.
False.
Stages 3 and 4 consist of the delta waves of deep sleep.
Stages 1 and 2 are known as the sleep escalator.
In which stage does REM sleep ( when dreaming happens) occur?
REM sleep occurs in stage 5.
True or False?
Dement & Kleitman's findings are difficult to generalise due to the small sample of 5.
True.
Dement & Kleitman's findings are difficult to generalise due to the small sample of 5.
This means that the findings lack external validity.
Dement & Kleitman controlled for possible variables of participants having alcohol or caffeine before the study, which means that their research is high in .
Dement & Kleitman controlled for possible confounding variables of participants having alcohol or caffeine before the study, which means that their research is high in validity.
What are endogenous pacemakers?
Endogenous pacemakers are the internal mechanisms that determine the biological rhythms of the body.
True or False?
Endogenous pacemakers are not affected by the external environment.
False.
Endogenous pacemakers can be affected by the external environment.
E.g., changes in light levels.
What is the role of the pineal gland?
The pineal gland, located deep in the centre of the brain, detects light sources and is implicated in circadian rhythms and melatonin secretion.
The SCN sends signals to the gland, which increases the secretion of at night, helping to induce .
The SCN sends signals to the pineal gland, which increases the secretion of melatonin at night, helping to induce sleep.
What did Morgan's (1995) research using hamsters find?
a) The SCN plays a small role as an endogenous pacemaker
b) The SCN is a significant endogenous pacemaker
c) Hamsters have no SCN
b.
Morgan's (1995) research using hamsters found that the SCN is a significant endogenous pacemaker.
True or False?
Morgan's research is flawed due to its use of hamsters as subjects.
True.
Morgan's research is flawed due to its use of hamsters as subjects.
Research using hamsters is not generalisable to humans.
What are exogenous zeitgebers?
Exogenous zeitgebers are any factors in the sleep-wake cycle that act as external cues to either wakefulness or sleepiness.
is the main exogenous zeitgeber.
Light is the main exogenous zeitgeber.
Which one of the following is not a social cue that could act as an exogenous zeitgeber?
a) Work schedules
b) Meal times
c) Exercise sessions
d) A night light
d.
A night light is not a social cue, which could act as an exogenous zeitgeber.
The alignment of behaviours such as waking, eating meals, working to a regular sleep-wake cycle is known as:
a) entrainment
b) derailment
c) deferment
d) endearment
a.
The alignment of behaviours such as waking, eating meals, working to a regular sleep-wake cycle is known as entrainment.
True or False?
In Campbell & Murphy's study, sleeping participants were woken throughout the night, and a light pad was shone onto the back of their necks.
False.
In Campbell & Murphy's study, sleeping participants were woken throughout the night, and a light pad was shone onto the back of their knees.
This is a strength of the study, as it increases the validity of the role of exogenous zeitgeber in the sleep-wake cycle.
Campbell & Murphy's findings have not been replicated in any subsequent studies which reduces their:
a) reliability
b) objectivity
c) validity
a.
Campbell & Murphy's findings have not been replicated in any subsequent studies which reduces their reliability.
If a study cannot be replicated then it cannot be checked for consistency.