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A phobia is what type of disorder?
a) Affective
b) Psychotic
c) Anxiety
c.
A phobia is an anxiety disorder.
True or False?
Phobias are always based on rational fears.
False.
Phobias may be irrational e.g. xanthophobia (fear of the colour yellow); koumpounophobia (fear of buttons).
Which one of the following is not a category of phobia as specified by the DSM-5?
a) Intense phobias
b) Social phobia
c) Specific phobias
a.
Intense phobias is not a category of phobia as specified by the DSM-5.
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A phobia is what type of disorder?
a) Affective
b) Psychotic
c) Anxiety
c.
A phobia is an anxiety disorder.
True or False?
Phobias are always based on rational fears.
False.
Phobias may be irrational e.g. xanthophobia (fear of the colour yellow); koumpounophobia (fear of buttons).
Which one of the following is not a category of phobia as specified by the DSM-5?
a) Intense phobias
b) Social phobia
c) Specific phobias
a.
Intense phobias is not a category of phobia as specified by the DSM-5.
A common behavioural characteristic in response to a phobic stimulus is which tends to result in a state of high and anxiety.
A common behavioural characteristic in response to a phobic stimulus is panic which tends to result in a state of high stress and anxiety.
Taking steps to not be confronted by the phobic stimulus is an example of the behavioural characteristic of:
a) panic
b) stress
c) avoidance
c.
Taking steps to not be confronted by the phobic stimulus is an example of the behavioural characteristic of avoidance.
True or False?
Cognitive characteristics of phobias involve raised heart rate, sweating and pupil dilation.
False.
Cognitive characteristics of phobias involve irrational thinking, cognitive distortions and selective attention.
True or False?
Selective attention involves the phobic person becoming fixated on the phobic stimulus and unable to draw their attention away from it.
True.
Selective attention involves the phobic person becoming fixated on the phobic stimulus and unable to draw their attention away from it.
Emotional characteristics of phobias revolve around the primary and emotions experienced in the presence of a phobic .
Emotional characteristics of phobias revolve around the primary feelings and emotions experienced in the presence of a phobic stimulus.
True or False?
The phobic person does not realise that their response is disproportionate to the phobic stimulus.
False.
The phobic person knows that their response is disproportionate to the phobic stimulus, but they still feel fear when they are confronted by it.
The ways in which the phobic person processes information about the phobic stimulus is an example of which characteristic of phobias?
a) Emotional
b) Behavioural
c) Cognitive
c.
The ways in which the phobic person processes information about the phobic stimulus is an example of cognitive characteristic of phobias.
Which approach is key to understanding the two-process model of phobias?
The behaviourist approach is key to understanding the two-process model of phobias.
The two-process model assumes that phobias are learned via conditioning and maintained via conditioning.
The two-process model assumes that phobias are learned via classical conditioning and maintained via operant conditioning.
Classical conditioning involves the transformation of a neutral stimulus into a:
a) unconditioned response
b) conditioned stimulus
c) conditioned response
d) unconditioned stimulus
b.
Classical conditioning involves the transformation of a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus.
Operant conditioning involves the role of in behaviour.
Operant conditioning involves the role of reinforcement in behaviour.
True or False?
Classical conditioning explains how a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus e.g. swallowing a button as a child.
True.
Classical conditioning explains how a neutral stimulus may become associated with an unconditioned stimulus e.g. swallowing a button as a child.
The button then becomes the conditioned/phobic stimulus and elicits a conditioned response.
The avoidance of a phobic stimulus is an example of:
a) negative reinforcement
b) positive reinforcement
c) vicarious reinforcement
a.
The avoidance of a phobic stimulus is an example of negative reinforcement.
Which study offers research support for the classical conditioning of phobias?
a) Zimbardo's prison study
b) Rosenhan's 'being sane in insane places' study
c) Watson & Rayner's 'Little Albert' study
c.
Watson & Rayner's 'Little Albert' study offers research support for the classical conditioning of phobias.
True or False?
The two-process model cannot account for phobias which may have an evolutionary origin.
False.
The two-process model cannot account for phobias which may have an evolutionary origin.
e.g. fear of snakes, which is an example of biological preparedness.
True or False?
Systematic desensitisation uses the principles of operant conditioning in its treatment of phobias.
False.
Systematic desensitisation uses the principles of classical conditioning in its treatment of phobias.
Systematic desensitisation takes place over:
a) a couple of sessions
b) weeks or months
c) 1-3 hours
b.
Systematic desensitisation takes place over weeks or months as it a gradual, stage-based process.
Systematic desensitisation means that the phobic stimulus reverts to being the stimulus again.
Systematic desensitisation means that the conditioned phobic stimulus reverts to being the neutral stimulus again.
Systematic desensitisation involves the use of an:
a) emotion scale
b) pain indicator
c) anxiety hierarchy
c.
Systematic desensitisation involves the use of an anxiety hierarchy.
How many stages are there in the anxiety hierarchy?
There are 8 stages in the anxiety hierarchy.
True or False?
An example of stage 4 of the anxiety hierarchy could be to 'look at the spider in the glass box'.
True.
An example of stage 4 of the anxiety hierarchy could be to 'look at the spider in the glass box'.
exercises help to calm the patient physiologically by slowing down and the breath.
Breathing exercises help to calm the patient physiologically by slowing down and controlling the breath.
A strength of systematic desensitisation is that its supported by research which means that it has been shown to be a:
a) valid treatment for phobias
b) partially successful treatment for phobias
c) scientific treatment for phobias
a.
A strength of systematic desensitisation is that its supported by research which means that it has been shown to be a valid treatment for phobias.
True or False?
Some patients may not be able to apply what they have learned to real, everyday situations without guidance from the therapist.
True.
Some patients may not be able to apply what they have learned to real, everyday situations without guidance from the therapist.
This reduces the external validity of the theory behind the treatment.
Systematic desensitisation does not treat the of the phobia, only the behaviour it results in, which limits its as a phobia treatment.
Systematic desensitisation does not treat the cause of the phobia, only the behaviour it results in, which limits its usefulness as a phobia treatment.
What is meant by flooding?
Flooding involves a sudden, extreme exposure to the phobic stimulus.
True or False?
Flooding places the patient in a calm state or has them practice relaxation techniques.
False.
Flooding does not place the patient in a calm state or have them practice relaxation techniques.
Flooding may last for:
a) weeks or months
b) years
c) one session of a few hours
c.
Flooding may last for one session of a few hours.
The sudden to the phobic stimulus during flooding is designed to the phobic person's fear.
The sudden exposure to the phobic stimulus during flooding is designed to extinguish the phobic person's fear.
Which one of the following is not an example of flooding?
a) getting a koumpounophobe to plunge their hands into a box full of buttons
b) getting an arachnaphobe to work up to holding a spider
c) taking an acrobphobe to a high building and having them stand on the edge of it
b.
Getting an arachnaphobe to work up to holding a spider is not an example of flooding.
The absence of fear in the face of the phobic stimulus is known as:
a) extinction
b) extinguishment
c) evolution
a.
The absence of fear in the face of the phobic stimulus is known as extinction.
True or False?
Extinction occurs because the patient cannot avoid or escape the phobic stimulus.
True.
Extinction occurs because the patient cannot avoid or escape the phobic stimulus.
In other words, they just have to deal with it.
True or False?
Flooding is an expensive treatment.
True or False?
Flooding is cheap compared to all other forms of phobia treatments.
Flooding can be traumatic for the patient which means that it lacks validity.
Flooding can be traumatic for the patient which means that it lacks ethical validity.
Flooding is less effective with more complex phobias, such as:
a) arachnophobia
b) social phobia
c) acrophobia
b.
Flooding is less effective with more complex phobias, such as social phobia.
To be able to navigate the demands of social events takes skill and training which flooding cannot provide.