Energy Stored by a Capacitor (OCR A Level Physics)
Revision Note
Area Under a Potential–Charge Graph
When charging a capacitor, the power supply pushes electrons from the positive to the negative plate
It therefore does work on the electrons and electrical energy becomes stored on the plates
At first, a small amount of charge is pushed from the positive to the negative plate, then gradually, this builds up
Adding more electrons to the negative plate at first is relatively easy since there is little repulsion
As the charge of the negative plate increases ie. becomes more negatively charged, the force of repulsion between the electrons on the plate and the new electrons being pushed onto it increases
This means a greater amount of work must be done to increase the charge on the negative plate or in other words:
The potential difference across the capacitor increases as the amount of charge increases
As the charge on the negative plate builds up, more work needs to be done to add more charge
The charge Q on the capacitor is directly proportional to its potential difference V
The graph of charge against potential difference is therefore a straight line graph through the origin
The electrical (potential) energy stored in the capacitor can be determined from the area under the potential-charge graph which is equal to the area of a right-angled triangle:
Area = 0.5 × base × height
The electric energy stored in the capacitor is the area under the potential-charge graph
Worked Example
The variation of the potential V of a charged isolated metal sphere with surface charge Q is shown on the graph below.
Using the graph, determine the electric potential energy stored on the sphere when charged to a potential of 100 kV.
Answer:
Step 1: Determine the charge on the sphere at the potential of 100 kV
From the graph, the charge on the sphere at 100 kV is 1.8 μC
Step 2: Calculate the electric potential energy stored
The energy stored is equal to the area under the graph at 100 kV
The area is equal to a right-angled triangle, so, can be calculated with the equation:
Area = 0.5 × base × height
Area = 0.5 × 1.8 μC × 100 kV
Energy E = 0.5 × (1.8 × 10-6) × (100 × 103) = 0.09 J
Energy Stored by a Capacitor
The work done, or energy stored in a capacitor is defined by the equation:
Where:
E = work done or energy stored (J)
Q = charge (C)
V = potential difference (V)
Substituting the charge with the capacitance equation Q = CV, the energy stored can also be defined as:
By substituting the potential V, the energy stored can also be defined in terms of just the charge, Q and the capacitance, C:
Worked Example
Calculate the change in the energy stored in a capacitor of capacitance 1500 μF when the potential difference across the capacitor changes from 10 V to 30 V.
Answer:
Step 1: Write down the equation for energy stored in terms of capacitance C and p.d V
Step 2: The change in energy stored is proportional to the change in p.d
Step 3: Substitute in values
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