Describing Oscillations (OCR A Level Physics)

Describing Oscillations

• An oscillation is defined as follows:

  The repetitive variation with time t of the displacement x of an object about the equilibrium position (x = 0)  

A pendulum oscillates between A and B. On a displacement-time graph, the oscillating motion of the pendulum is represented by a wave, with an amplitude equal to x₀

• Displacement (x) of a wave is the distance of a point on the wave from its equilibrium position

  • It is a vector quantity; it can be positive or negative

• Period (T) or time period, is the time interval for one complete oscillation and it is measured in seconds (s)

  • If the oscillations have a constant period, they are said to be isochronous

Diagram showing the time period of a wave oscillation

A diagram showing one oscillation for both types of SHM

• Amplitude (x₀) is the maximum value of the displacement on either side of the equilibrium position is known as the amplitude of the oscillation

The diagram shows the amplitude of an oscillation is measured from the central mean position to an extreme position.

• Frequency (f) is the number of oscillations per second and it is measured in hertz (Hz)

• The frequency and the period of the oscillations are related by the following equation:

• The phase difference between two waves is a measure of how much a point or a wave is in front or behind another

• This can be found from the relative positive of the crests or troughs of two different waves of the same frequency

  • When the crests or troughs are aligned, the waves are in phase

  • When the crest of one wave aligns with the trough of another, they are in antiphase

• The diagram below shows the green wave leads the purple wave by ¼ λ

Two waves ¼ λ out of phase

• In contrast, the purple wave is said to lag behind the green wave by ¼ λ

• Phase difference is measured in fractions of a wavelength, degrees or radians

• The phase difference can be calculated from two different points on the same wave or the same point on two different waves

• The phase difference between two points can be described as:

  • In phase is 360^o or 2π radians

  • In anti-phase is 180^o or π radians