Energy Stored in a Capacitor (CIE A Level Physics)

Fig 1.1 shows the discharge of a capacitor in a heart pacemaker. 

Fig 1.1

Explain how the rate of change of potential difference changes as the capacitor discharges.

The capacitor has a capacitance of 140 μF. 

Calculate the energy lost by the capacitor whilst it discharges during the first 30 ms.

Give your answer as a percentage of the initial energy.

The charge which is lost as the capacitor discharges is used by the pacemaker to produce a single pulse for the heart. 

Calculate the charge, in μC, of a single pulse.

The pacemaker has been designed to operate for a minimum of 3 years, delivering 60 constant pulses per minute. 

Calculate the minimum charge of the power supply if it is to operate over the 3 years. 

Give your answer in Amp-hours.

Fig 1.1 shows how the potential difference across a capacitor varies with the charge stored in it.

Fig 1.1

Calculate the energy stored when the charge on the capacitor is 8.0 µC.

Show that the capacitance of the capacitor is 2.0 µF.

Calculate the remaining energy stored in the capacitor when the charge changes from 8.0 µC to 10.0 µC.

State the change in energy stored if the capacitor is replaced with one with a higher capacitance.

Calculate the change in energy stored in a capacitor of capacitance 20 nF when the potential difference between the plates increases from 75 V to 90 V.

Calculate the change in charge on the capacitor.

A different capacitor has the following change in potential difference against charge stored graph shown in Fig 1.2.

Fig 1.2

Calculate the capacitance of this capacitor.

Show that the energy stored in the capacitor is 0.9 mJ.

Fig. 1.1 shows an experiment carried out to measure the speed of a steel ball when it has been dropped from rest.

Fig. 1.1

When the ball is touching the copper contacts, the 85 µF capacitor charges to a potential difference of 4.8 V. When the ball is released, it falls and leaves the copper contacts thus causing the capacitor to discharge through the 2.4 kΩ resistor. 

Once the ball has fallen a distance of 0.45 m it splits the thin metal rod causing a break in the circuit and the capacitor stops discharging. 

Fig. 1.2 shows how the potential difference across the resistor varies during the experiment.

Fig. 1.2

Discuss the significance of the times  and .

Calculate the average current that flows through the resistor as the capacitor discharges. 

You may ignore air resistance.

Use Fig. 1.2 to calculate the largest possible value for current in the resistor.

Calculate the amount of energy transferred through the 2.4 kΩ resistor during the discharging of the capacitor.

Dennis is an electrical engineer and wants to investigate how capacitors store and release charge and energy. 

He firstly designs a circuit to determine the capacitance C of a capacitor. This circuit is shown in Fig. 1.1. The switch S is held in position A until the capacitor is fully charged to 6 V and is then moved to position B so that it fully discharges through the microammeter and the variable resistor R.

Fig. 1.1

While discharging, Dennis continuously adjusts the variable resistor R to keep the current constant until the capacitor is fully discharged. Fig. 1.2 shows how the current I  varies during the discharging process. 

Fig. 1.2

Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor.

Dennis understands that as the capacitor charges, the energy stored in the capacitor increases, as does the potential difference across it.

Fig. 1.3

 On the axes provided in Fig. 1.3, sketch a graph of how energy stored in the capacitor varies with potential difference. 

Dennis disconnects the circuit and increases the e.m.f. of the power supply by 50%. 

He states that by doing this, the charge stored in the capacitor will increase by 50% and the energy stored in the capacitor will increase by 125%. 

Justify Dennis’s statement with suitable calculations.