Demonstrating two source interference
- Two source interference can be demonstrated using
- water waves in a ripple tank
- sound
- light
- microwaves
Using water waves
- Two-source interference in can be demonstrated in water using ripple tanks
- A curved line represents each wavefront (peak or trough)
- The diagram below shows the wavefronts from two point sources e.g. dropping two pebbles near to each other in a pond
Wavefront interference
At the blue dot where the peak of two waves meet, constructive interference occurs. At the yellow dot where two troughs meet, constructive interference also occurs. Constructive interference occurs along the lines of maximum displacement. At the green dot, where a peak and a trough meet, destructive interference occurs
- The lines of maximum displacement occur when all the peaks and troughs line up with those on another wave
- On a wavefront diagram, it is possible to count the number of wavelengths to determine whether constructive or destructive interference occurs at a certain point
At point P the waves from S1 and S2 have a path difference of a whole number of wavelengths, resulting in constructive interference
- At point P, the number of crests from:
- Source S1 = 4λ
- Source S2 = 6λ
- So the path difference at P is 6λ – 4λ = 2λ
- This is a whole number of wavelengths, hence, constructive interference occurs at point P
Using sound waves
- Two-source interference can be demonstrated with two speakers emitting a coherent sound
Sound wave interference
Sound wave interference from two speakers
- Sound waves are longitudinal waves made up of compressions and rarefactions
- Constructive interference occurs when the compressions and rarefactions from each wave line up and the sound appears louder
- Destructive interference occurs when a compression from one wave lines up with a rarefaction from the other and vice versa. The two waves cancel each other out, so zero sound is heard.
- This is the technology used in noise-cancelling headphones
Using microwaves
- Two-source interference for microwaves (and other electromagnetic waves) can be detected with a moveable microwave detector
Microwave interference experiment
Microwave interference experiment
- The detector picks up a maximum amplitude or intensity in regions of constructive interference
- The detector picks up a minimum or zero amplitude, so no signal in regions of destructive interference
Using light waves
- Lasers are the ideal piece of equipment to analyse diffraction and intensity patterns
- The diffraction pattern produced by a laser on a screen is made up of:
- Areas of constructive interference - the bright strips or fringes
- Areas of destructive interference - the dark fringes
The constructive and destructive interference of laser light through a double slit creates bright and dark strips called fringes on a screen placed far away