Radioactive Tracers (CIE A Level Physics)

• A radioactive tracer is defined as:

A substance containing radioactive nuclei that is introduced to the body and can be absorbed by tissue in order to study the structure and function of organs in the body

• Radioactive isotopes, such as technetium-99m or fluorine-18, are suitable for this purpose because:
  • they both bind to organic molecules, such as glucose or water, which are readily available in the body
  • they both emit gamma (γ) radiation and decay into stable isotopes
  • technetium-99m has a short half-life of 6 hours (it is a short-lived form of Technetium-99)
  • fluorine-18 has an even shorter half-life of 110 minutes, so the patient is exposed to radiation for a shorter time

• Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is:

A type of nuclear medical procedure that images tissues and organs by measuring the metabolic activity  of the cells of body tissues

• A common tracer used in PET scanning is a glucose molecule with radioactive fluorine attached called fluorodeoxyglucose
  • Fluorine nuclei undergo β⁺ decay i.e. they emit positrons (beta-plus particles)

• The radioactive tracer is injected or swallowed into the patient and flows around the body
• Once the tissues and organs have absorbed the tracer, then they appear on the screen as a bright area for a diagnosis
  • This allows doctors to determine the progress of a disease and how effective any treatments have been

• Tracers are used not only for the diagnosis of cancer but also for the heart and detecting areas of decreased blood flow and brain injuries, including Alzheimer's and dementia