Basics of Electricity (AQA A Level Physics)

• A simple electrical circuit requires
  • a conductor through which current can flow
  • a source of potential difference

Electric Current

• Electric current is defined as

The rate of flow of electric charge

• Current is measured in units of amperes or amps (A)
  
  • 1 amp is equivalent to a charge of 1 coulomb flowing in 1 second, or 1 A = 1 C s⁻¹
• Current can be described using the equation:

• Where:
  • I = current (A)
  • ΔQ = amount of charge flowing (C)
  • Δt = time interval (s)

• Current flows when a circuit is formed
  • This is when a conductor, such as a wire, connects two oppositely charged terminals of a source, such as a cell

For a charge to flow, a circuit must connect the positive and negative terminals of an electrical energy source

• In electric circuits, the current is a flow of electrons
• Conventional current is defined as the flow of positive charge
  • This is from the positive terminal of a cell to the negative terminal
• This is the opposite of the direction of electron flow
  • Electrons are negatively charged so they flow from the negative terminal of a cell to the positive terminal

By definition, conventional current flows from the positive terminal to the negative terminal of the battery. Electrons flow in the opposite direction

• Current can be measured using an ammeter
• Ammeters must be connected in series with the component being measured

An ammeter can be used to measure the current around a circuit and is always connected in series

Potential Difference

• Potential difference is defined as

The electrical work done per unit charge flowing between two points

• Potential difference is measured in units of volts (V)
  • 1 volt is equivalent to the transfer of 1 joule of electrical energy by 1 coulomb of charge, or 1 V = 1 J C⁻¹

• Potential difference can be described using the equation:

• Where:
  • V = potential difference (V)
  • W = electrical work done by the charge (J)
  • Q = charge flow (C)

• A simple cell creates a potential difference through the separation of charge
  • One end (terminal) of the cell has an excess of positive charge and the other an excess of negative charge
  • Negatively charged electrons are repelled by the negative terminal and attracted to the positive terminal
  • Therefore, when a wire is connected between the two terminals, the potential difference causes the flow of electrons (current)

• As electrons flow through a cell, they gain energy
  • For example, in a 12 V cell, every coulomb of charge passing through gains 12 J of energy

• As electrons flow through a circuit, they lose energy
  • For example, after leaving the 12 V cell, each coulomb of charge will transfer 12 J of energy to the wires and components in the circuit

The separation of positive and negative charges in a battery creates a potential difference. As the electrons flow through the light bulb, electrical energy is transferred into heat and light energy

• Potential difference can be measured using a voltmeter
• Voltmeters must be set up in parallel with the component being measured

Potential difference can be measured by connecting a voltmeter in parallel between two points in a circuit

• Resistance is defined as

The opposition of a component to the flow of electric current through it

• The resistance R of a conductor is defined as the ratio of the potential difference V across to the current I in it

• Where:
  • R = resistance of a conductor (Ω)
  • V = potential difference across the conductor (V)
  • I = current in the conductor (A)

• Resistance is measured in units of ohms (Ω)
  • A resistance of 1 Ω is equivalent to a potential difference across a component of 1 V which produces a current of 1 A through it

• The resistance of a component controls the size of the current in a circuit
• For a given potential difference across a component:
  • The higher the resistance, the lower the current that can flow
  • The lower the resistance, the higher the current that can flow

• All electrical components, including wires, possess some value of resistance
• Wires are often made from copper because of its low electrical resistance
  • This is why it is known as a good conductor