Hooke's Law (AQA A Level Physics)

• When a force is applied to each end of a spring or wire, it stretches
  • This phenomenon occurs for any material with elasticity, such as a wire or a bungee rope
• A material obeys Hooke’s Law if:

The extension of the material is directly proportional to the applied force (load) up to the limit of proportionality

• This linear relationship is represented by the Hooke’s law equation:

F = kΔL

• Where:
  • F = force (N)
  • k = spring constant (N m^–1)
  • ΔL = extension (m)

• The spring constant is a property of the material being stretched and measures the stiffness of a material
  • The larger the spring constant, the stiffer the material

• Hooke's Law applies to both extensions and compressions:
  • The extension of an object is determined by how much it has increased in length
  • The compression of an object is determined by how much it has decreased in length

• The extension, ΔL, is the difference between the unstretched length and the stretched length

extension = stretched length − unstretched length

Stretching a spring with a load produces a force that leads to an extension

Force–Extension Graphs

• The way a material responds to a given force can be shown on a force-extension graph
• Every material will have a unique force-extension graph depending on how brittle or ductile it is
• A material may obey Hooke's Law up to a point
  • This is shown on its force-extension graph by a straight line through the origin

• As more force is added, the graph starts to curve slightly as Hooke's law no longer applies

The Hooke's Law region of a force-extension graph is a straight line. The spring constant is the gradient of that region

• The key features of the graph are:
  • The limit of proportionality
    • Beyond the limit of proportionality, Hooke's law is no longer true 
    • The extension is then no longer proportional to the applied force 
  • Elastic limit
    • Beyond the elastic limit, the material will no longer return to its original length
  • The gradient
    • This only applies to the linear portion of that graph where Hooke's law is obeyed 
    • The gradient of a force-extension graph is equal to the spring constant
    • The gradient of an extension-force graph is