Parametric Differentiation (Edexcel A Level Maths: Pure)

How do I find dy/dx from parametric equations? 

• Ensure you are familiar with Parametric Equations – Basics first

 

• This method uses the chain rule and the reciprocal property of derivatives
  • 
  • 

• Equivalently,
• will be in terms of t – this is fine
  • Questions usually involve finding gradients, tangents and normals

• The chain rule is always needed when there are three variables or more – see Connected Rates of Change

How do I find gradients, tangents and normals from parametric equations? 

• To find a gradient …
  • STEP 1: Find dx/dt and dy/dt

• • STEP 2: Find dy/dx in terms of t

Using either dy/dx = dy/dt ÷ dx/dt

or dy/dx = dy/dt × dt/dx where dt/dx = 1 ÷ dx/dt

• • STEP 3: Find the value of t at the required point
  • STEP 4: Substitute this value of t into dy/dx to find the gradient 

• to then go on to find the equation of a tangent …
  • STEP 5: Find the y coordinate
  • STEP 6: Use the gradient and point to find the equation of the tangent

• To find a normal...
  • STEP 7: Use perpendicular lines property to find the gradient of the normal m₁ × m₂ = -1
  • STEP 8: Use gradient and point to find the equation of the normal y - y₁ = m(x - x₁)

What else may I be asked to do?

• Questions may require use of tangents and normals as per the coordiante geometry sections
  • Find points of intersection between a tangent/normal and x/y axes
  • Find areas of basic shapes enclosed by axes and/or tangents/normal

• Find stationary points (dy/dx = 0)

• You may also be asked about horizontal and vertical tangents
  • At horizontal (parallel to the x-axis) tangents, dy/dt = 0
  • At vertical (parallel to y-axis) tangents, dx/dt = 0

 

Just for fun …

• Try plotting the graph from the question below using graphing software
• Plenty of free online tools do this – for example Desmos and Geogebra
• Try changing the domain of t to -π/3 ≤ t ≤ π/3