Probability Distributions (CIE A Level Maths: Probability & Statistics 1)

Exam Questions

3 hours30 questions
1a
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3 marks

The discrete random variable, X, is defined as the number of sixes obtained from rolling two fair dice.

(i)
Find the probability of obtaining two sixes from rolling two fair dice.

(ii)
Complete the following probability distribution table for X:

bold italic x 0 1 2
bold italic P begin bold style stretchy left parenthesis X equals x stretchy right parenthesis end style 25 over 36    
1b
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2 marks

Use the table, or otherwise, to find the probability of obtaining at least one six from rolling two fair dice.

 

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2a
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2 marks

 The discrete random variable X has the probability function

               straight P open parentheses X equals x close parentheses space equals open curly brackets table row cell 1 fourth space space space space space space x equals 0 comma 1 comma 2 comma 3 end cell row cell 0 space space space space space space space space otherwise end cell end table close space

Draw up the probability distribution table for X.

2b
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2 marks

Find:

   (i)   
straight P left parenthesis 1 less or equal than X less or equal than 2 right parenthesis

   (ii)
   straight P left parenthesis X less than 3 right parenthesis.

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3a
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2 marks

The discrete random variable has the probability function

               straight P open parentheses X equals x close parentheses space equals open curly brackets table row cell k x space space space space space space space x equals 2 comma 3 end cell row cell 0 space space space space space space space space space otherwise end cell end table close

Use the fact that the sum of all probabilities equals 1 to show that k equals 0.2.

3b
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2 marks

Write down:

   (i)   
straight P left parenthesis 2 less or equal than X less than 3 right parenthesis

   (ii)   
straight P left parenthesis X equals 5 right parenthesis

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4a
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2 marks

A discrete random variable has the probability distribution shown in the following table:

bold italic x 2 4 6 8 10
2 over 5 1 over 10 1 fifth p 1 over 10

Use the fact that the sum of all probabilities equals 1 to find the value of p.

4b
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4 marks

Find:

(i)
straight P left parenthesis X less or equal than 4 right parenthesis

(ii)
straight P left parenthesis X greater than 7 right parenthesis

(iii)
straight P left parenthesis 2 less or equal than X less or equal than 6 right parenthesis

(iv)
text P end text left parenthesis 3 less than X less than 7 right parenthesis

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5a
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2 marks

The discrete random variable X has the probability function

               straight P open parentheses X equals x close parentheses equals open curly brackets table attributes columnalign left end attributes row cell k x space space space space space space space space x equals 1 comma 3 space space end cell row cell fraction numerator k x over denominator 2 end fraction space space space space space space x equals 2 comma 4 end cell row cell 0 space space space space space space space space space space space otherwise end cell end table close

 Use the fact that the sum of all probabilities equals 1 to show that k equals 1 over 7.

5b
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2 marks

Draw up the probability distribution table for X.

5c
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2 marks

Show that straight P left parenthesis X space less or equal than space 2 right parenthesis space equals space straight P left parenthesis X space equals space 4 right parenthesis.

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6a
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2 marks

The discrete random variable X  has the probability distribution shown in the following table:

bold italic x 1 2 3 4 5
5 over 12 2 over 12 1 over 12 3 over 12 1 over 12

Use the formula straight E open parentheses X close parentheses space equals space sum x p to show that straight E open parentheses X close parentheses equals 29 over 12.

6b
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2 marks

Use the formula E open parentheses X squared close parentheses space equals space sum x squared p to show that straight E open parentheses X squared close parentheses space equals space 95 over 12 to the power of times

6c
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1 mark

Write down the formula that links Var open parentheses X close parentheses comma space straight E open parentheses X close parentheses space and space straight E open parentheses X squared close parentheses.

6d
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1 mark

Hence show that Var open parentheses X close parentheses equals 299 over 144 to the power of times

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7a
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1 mark

The discrete random variable X has the probability function

straight P open parentheses X equals x close parentheses equals open curly brackets table row cell 1 fourth space space space space space space space space space space space space x equals 0 end cell row cell 1 over 8 space space space space space space space space space space space space x equals 1 comma 2 space end cell row cell 5 over 16 space space space space space space space space space x equals 3 end cell row cell p space space space space space space space space space space space space space x equals 4 end cell row cell 0 space space space space space space space space space space italic space italic space space otherwise end cell end table close

Briefly explain how you can deduce that  p equals 3 over 16.

7b
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2 marks

Find straight E open parentheses X close parentheses.

7c
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2 marks

Show that straight E open parentheses X squared close parentheses equals 103 over 16 to the power of times

7d
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2 marks

Hence find Var open parentheses X close parentheses.

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8a
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1 mark

The discrete random variable X has the probability distribution shown in the following table:

 

bold italic x

1

2

3

4

5

Error converting from MathML to accessible text. begin mathsize 16px style 1 fifth end style 1 over 10 p p q

 

Use the fact that the sum of all probabilities equals 1 to show that 2 p space plus space q space equals space 7 over 10 to the power of times

8b
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2 marks

Given that straight E open parentheses X close parentheses equals fraction numerator 33 over denominator 10 apostrophe end fraction use the formula straight E open parentheses X close parentheses space equals space sum x p to show that 7 p space plus space 5 q space equals space 29 over 10 to the power of times

8c
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2 marks

Hence simultaneously solve the equations in part (a) and part (b) to find the values of p and q.

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9
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6 marks

For each of the following, write an inequality that would be appropriate for any random variable X.

(i)
X is bigger than or equal to 5.
(ii)
X is bigger than 5.
(iii)
X is no more than 5.
(iv)
X at least 5.
(v)
X is at most 5.
(vi)
X is no less than 5.

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1a
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1 mark

Three biased coins are tossed.

 Write down all the possible outcomes when the three coins are tossed.

1b
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3 marks

A random variable, X , is defined as the number of heads when the three coins are tossed.

Given that for each coin the probability of getting heads is  2 over 3,

complete the following probability distribution table for X:

x 0 1 2 3
P(X = x)        

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2a
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2 marks

The random variable X  has the probability function

         straight P open parentheses X equals x close parentheses equals open curly brackets table row cell k x space space space space space space space x equals 1 comma 3 comma 5 comma 7 end cell row cell 0 space space space space space space space space space space otherwise end cell end table close

Find the value of k.
2b
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2 marks

Find straight P open parentheses X greater than 3 close parentheses.

2c
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1 mark

State, with a reason, whether or not X is a discrete random variable.

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3a
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2 marks

The random variable X has the probability function

straight P open parentheses X equals x close parentheses equals space open curly brackets table row cell 0.23 space space space space space space space space space x equals negative 1 comma 4 end cell row cell k space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space x equals 0 comma 2 end cell row cell 0.13 space space space space space space space space space x equals 1 comma 3 end cell row cell 0 space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space otherwise end cell end table close

Find the value of k.

3b
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2 marks

Construct a table giving the probability distribution of X.

3c
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1 mark

Find straight P open parentheses 0 less or equal than X less than 3 close parentheses.

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4
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4 marks

A discrete random variable  X has the probability distribution shown in the following table:

x 0 1 2 3 4
P(X = x) 5 over 24 1 third 1 fourth 1 over 12 1 over 8


Find:

(i)
straight P left parenthesis X less than 4 right parenthesis

(ii)
straight P left parenthesis X greater than 1 right parenthesis

(iii)
straight P left parenthesis 2 less than X less or equal than 4 right parenthesis

(iv)
straight P left parenthesis 0 less than X less than 4 right parenthesis

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5a
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1 mark

The discrete random variable X has the probability distribution shown in the following table: 

bold italic x

2

3

5

7

11

bold P stretchy left parenthesis X equals x stretchy right parenthesis begin mathsize 16px style 1 fourth end style 1 third p begin mathsize 16px style 1 over 6 end style 1 over 12

 

Find the value of p.

5b
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2 marks

Find straight E open parentheses X close parentheses.

5c
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2 marks

Find V ar open parentheses X close parentheses.

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6a
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2 marks

The discrete random variable X has the probability distribution shown in the following table:

 2

bold italic x negative 2 0 2 4 6
bold P begin bold style stretchy left parenthesis X equals x stretchy right parenthesis end style p 1 half q begin mathsize 16px style 1 over 15 end style q

It is given that E open parentheses X close parentheses space equals space 0.

Show that p minus 4 q equals 2 over 15.

6b
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1 mark

Write down a second equation involving p and q.

6c
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2 marks

Hence find the values of p and q.

6d
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2 marks

Find Var open parentheses X close parentheses.

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7a
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1 mark

Leonardo has constructed a biased spinner with six sectors labelled 0,1, 1, 2, 3 and 5.  The probability of the spinner landing on each of the six sectors is shown in the following table:

number on sector 0 1 1 2 3 5
probability 6 over 20 p 3 over 20 5 over 20 3 over 20 1 over 20


Find the value of p.

7b
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2 marks

Leonardo is playing a game with his biased spinner.  The score for the game, X, is the number which the spinner lands on after being spun.

Find the probability that Leonardo’s score is

(i)

no more than 1

(ii)

at least 3.

7c
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4 marks
(i)

Find the expected value for Leonardo’s score in a game.

(ii)

Find the standard deviation of Leonardo’s scores.

7d
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3 marks

Leonardo plays the game twice and adds the two scores together. Find the probability that Leonardo has a total score of 5.

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1a
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1 mark

Three biased coins are tossed.

 Write down all the possible outcomes when the three coins are tossed.

1b
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3 marks

A random variable, X, is defined as the number of heads when the three coins are tossed minus the number of tails.

Given that for each coin the probability of getting heads is 3 over 5,

complete the following probability distribution table for X:

bold italic x        
bold italic P begin bold style stretchy left parenthesis X equals x stretchy right parenthesis end style        

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2a
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2 marks

A student claims that a random variable has a probability distribution defined by the following probability mass function:

P open parentheses X equals x close parentheses equals open curly brackets table attributes columnalign left end attributes row cell x squared over 30 space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space x equals negative 1 comma 1 comma 3 comma 5 end cell row cell 0 space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space otherwise end cell end table close space space space space space space space space space space space

Explain how you know that the student’s function does not describe a probability distribution.

2b
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2 marks

Given that the correct probability mass function is of the form

P open parentheses X equals x close parentheses equals open curly brackets table row cell x squared over k space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space x equals negative 1 comma 1 comma 3 comma 5 end cell row cell 0 space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space otherwise end cell end table close

where k is a constant,

find the exact value of k.

2c
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2 marks

Find straight P left parenthesis X greater than 0 right parenthesis.

2d
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1 mark

State, with a reason, whether or not X is a discrete random variable.

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3a
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2 marks

The random variable  X has the probability function

P open parentheses X equals x close parentheses equals open curly brackets table row cell 0.21 space space space space space space space space space space space space space x equals 0 comma 1 end cell row cell k x space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space x equals 3 comma 6 end cell row cell 0.11 space space space space space space space space space space space space x equals 10 comma 15 end cell row cell 0 space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space otherwise end cell end table close

Find the value of k.

3b
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2 marks

Construct a table giving the probability distribution of X.

3c
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1 mark

Find straight P left parenthesis 3 less than X less or equal than 14 right parenthesis

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4a
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1 mark

A discrete random variable  has the probability distribution shown in the following table:

bold italic x negative 1 1 2
Error converting from MathML to accessible text. 5 over 12 p 1 fourth


Find the value of p.

4b
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5 marks

is sampled twice such that the results of the two experiments are independent of each other, and the outcomes of the two experiments are recorded.  A new random variable,Y, is defined as the sum of the two outcomes.

Complete the following probability distribution table for Y:

bold italic y -2 0 1 2 3 4
bold P begin bold style stretchy left parenthesis Y equals y stretchy right parenthesis end style            
4c
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4 marks

Find:

(i)
straight P left parenthesis Y not equal to 0 right parenthesis

(ii)
straight P left parenthesis Y greater than 1 right parenthesis

(iii)
straight P left parenthesis negative 2 less than Y less than 2 right parenthesis

(iv)
straight P left parenthesis Y less than 0 space space o r space space Y greater or equal than 2 right parenthesis

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5a
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4 marks

Leonidas is playing a game with a fair six-sided dice on which the faces are numbered 1 to 6.  He rolls the dice until either a ‘6’ appears or he has rolled the dice four times. The random variable X is defined as the number of times that the dice is rolled.

Draw up the probability distribution table for X.

5b
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2 marks

Find the probability that the dice is rolled

(i)
at most 3 times.

(ii)
at least 3 times.
5c
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4 marks
(i)
Find the expected number of times that Leonidas will roll the dice.
(ii)
Find the standard deviation of the number of times that Leonidas will roll the dice.

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6a
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1 mark

The discrete random variable X has the probability distribution shown in the following table: 

bold italic x negative 2 0 2 4 6
bold P begin bold style stretchy left parenthesis X equals x stretchy right parenthesis end style p 2 over 15 begin mathsize 16px style 1 fourth end style 2 over 15 p

  

Without working out the value of p, explain why straight E open parentheses X close parentheses space equals space 2.

6b
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1 mark

find the value of p.

6c
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2 marks

Find Var open parentheses straight X close parentheses.

6d
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2 marks

The outcome of a random variable Y is double the outcome of X

Complete the probability distribution for Y below: 

bold y negative 4 0 4 8

 

bold P begin bold style stretchy left parenthesis Y equals y stretchy right parenthesis end style

 

2 over 15

 

 

 

 

6e
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2 marks

Find P left parenthesis Y greater than X right parenthesis.

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7a
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5 marks

The discrete random variable X has the probability distribution shown in the following table: 

bold italic x 0 1 2 3 4
bold P stretchy left parenthesis X equals x stretchy right parenthesis p p 0.2 0.1 q

 

It is given that straight E open parentheses X close parentheses equals space 2.45. 

Find the values of p and q.

7b
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2 marks

Find Var open parentheses X close parentheses

7c
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2 marks

Find straight P left parenthesis X less than E left parenthesis X right parenthesis right parenthesis.

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1a
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1 mark

Two biased coins are tossed and a fair spinner with three sectors numbered 1 to 3 is spun.

Write down all the possible outcomes when the two coins are tossed and the spinner is spun.

1b
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5 marks

A random variable, X, is defined as the number of heads when the two coins are tossed multiplied by the number the spinner lands on when it is spun.

For each coin the probability of getting heads is  1 third.

Complete the following probability distribution table for X:

bold italic x 0 1 2 3 4 6
           

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2a
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2 marks

A student claims that a random variable X has a probability distribution defined by the following probability mass function:

P open parentheses X equals x close parentheses equals open curly brackets table row cell fraction numerator 1 over denominator 3 x squared end fraction space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space x equals negative 3 comma negative 1 end cell row cell fraction numerator 1 over denominator 3 x cubed end fraction space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space x equals 1 comma 3 end cell row cell 0 space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space otherwise end cell end table close

Explain how you know that the student’s function does not describe a probability distribution.

2b
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2 marks

Given that the correct probability mass function is of the form

 P open parentheses X equals x close parentheses equals open curly brackets table row cell k over x squared space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space x equals negative 3 comma negative 1 end cell row cell k over x cubed space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space x equals 1 comma 3 end cell row cell 0 space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space space otherwise end cell end table close

where k is a constant,

 Find the exact value of k.

2c
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2 marks

Find straight P open parentheses X less than 2 close parentheses.

2d
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1 mark

State, with a reason, whether or not X is a discrete random variables.

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3a
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4 marks

The random variable X has the probability function

P open parentheses X equals x close parentheses equals x squared over 495 comma space space space space space space space x equals p comma 2 p comma 3 p comma 4 p comma 5 p

where  p greater than 0 space spaceis a constant.

 Construct a table giving the probability distribution of X.

3b
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4 marks

Find:

   (i)
       the mean mu,
   (ii)
      the standard deviation, sigma,

of X.

3c
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2 marks

Find straight P open parentheses mu space minus space sigma space less than space X space less than space mu space plus space sigma close parentheses

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4
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6 marks

The independent random variables X  and have probability distributions

                   straight P left parenthesis X equals x right parenthesis equals p comma space space space space space space x equals 1 comma 2 comma 3 comma 5 comma 8 comma 11 space

                  straight P left parenthesis Y equals y right parenthesis equals q over y comma space space space space space space y equals 1 comma 3 comma 6 space

where p and q are constants.

 Find  straight P left parenthesis X greater than Y right parenthesis.

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5a
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6 marks

Leofranc is playing a gambling game with a fair six-sided dice on which the faces are numbered 1 to 6.  He must pay £2 to play the game.  He then chooses a ‘lucky number’ between 1 and 6, and rolls the dice until either his lucky number appears or he has rolled the dice four times.  If his lucky number appears on the first roll, he receives £5 back.  If his lucky number appears on the second, third or fourth rolls, he receives £3, £2 or £1 back respectively.  If his lucky number has not appeared by the fourth roll, then the game is over and he receives nothing back.

 The random variable W is defined to be Leofranc’s profit (i.e., the amount of money he receives back minus the cost of playing the game) when he plays the game one time.  Note that a negative profit indicates that Leofranc has lost money on the game.

Draw up the probability distribution table for W.

5b
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3 marks

Find the probability that when playing the game one time Leofranc

(i)
wins money
(ii)
loses money
(iii)
breaks even (i.e., does not lose money).
5c
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2 marks

Find the expected profit after one game.

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6a
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1 mark

The discrete random variable  has the probability distribution shown in the following table: 

bold italic x negative 3 negative 2 negative 1 0 1
bold P begin bold style stretchy left parenthesis X equals x stretchy right parenthesis end style p q 0.1 q p

Write down the value of straight E open parentheses X close parentheses.

6b
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1 mark

It is given that straight E open parentheses X squared close parentheses equals 3.4

Find Var open parentheses X close parentheses.

6c
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5 marks

Find the values for p and q.

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7a
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1 mark

A spinner has three sectors labelled 0, 1 and 2. Let X be the random variable denoting the number the spinner lands on when spun. The probability distribution table for X is shown below: 

bold italic x 0 1 2
straight P open parentheses straight X equals x close parentheses a b c

 

It is given that straight E open parentheses X close parenthesesequals 1.1 and Var open parentheses X close parentheses equals 0.89

Write down the value of straight E open parentheses X squared close parentheses.

7b
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4 marks

Find the values of a comma b space and space c.

7c
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4 marks

Susie spins the spinner twice and adds together the two numbers to calculate her score, S. Tommy spins the spinner once and doubles the number to calculate his score, T. Each spin of the spinner is independent of all other spins. 

Draw up the probability distribution table for:

(i)
S,
(ii)
T.
7d
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1 mark

Which player is most likely to get a score that is bigger than 2?

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