A LevelGeographyEdexcelExam QuestionsTectonic Processes & HazardsRisk of Tectonic Hazards

Risk of Tectonic Hazards (Edexcel A Level Geography)

Exam Questions

16 mins4 questions
1
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Study Figure 1a and Figure 1b which show the magnitude and duration of eight selected earthquakes.

Earthquake

Earthquake magnitude Moment Magnitude Scale (MMS)

Duration in seconds

A

6.9

120

B

5.4

1

C

9.0

 

D

6.8

6.8

E

6.9

280

F

7.3

24

G

6.4

5.9

H

7.0

7.8

Figure 1a

fig-1b-qp-9geo-01-nov-2021-edexcel-a-level-geo

Figure 1b

i)

Using Figure 1b complete Figure 1a by stating the duration of earthquake C.

(1)

ii)

Complete Figure 1b by plotting earthquake F using the data from Figure 1a.

(2)

iii)

Draw a regression (best-fit) line on Figure 1b to show the relationship between earthquake magnitude and duration.

(1)

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2
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Study Figure 1 below. This data in Figure 1 was collected to investigate whether there was a significant relationship between the percentage of silica and the percentage of volatile gases in lava samples, found at 12 contrasting volcanic locations.

Lava samples from 12 contrasting volcanic locations (n=12)

% of silica in the lava

Rank

% of volatile gases*

Rank

d

d2

1

50

9

1.9

11

−2

4

2

70

3

5.2

3

0

0

3

58

8

3.7

7

1

1

4

73

1

6.6

1

0

0

5

63

6

4.0

6

0

0

6

62

7

3.3

8

−1

1

7

45

12

3.0

9

3

9

8

71

2

4.1

5

−3

9

9

49

10

2.5

10

0

0

10

69

4

5.3

2

2

4

11

48

11

1.2

12

−1

1

12

68

5

4.5

4

1

1

 

 

 

 

 

∑d2 =

 

Volatile gases – gases emitted by volcanoes at high temperature such as water vapour, carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide.

i)

Complete Figure 1 by calculating ∑d2 .

(1)

ii)

The formula for Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient value rs is given below; in this data set n is equal to 12.

rs = 1 − fraction numerator 6 sum straight d squared over denominator straight n cubed minus straight n end fraction

Calculate the value of rs to two decimal places for the data given. You must show your working.

(2)

iii)

The tables below show the two hypotheses that are being tested and the critical values of Spearman’s rank rs value when n = 12.

Null hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between the % of silica and the % of volatile gases in these lava samples.

Alternative hypothesis: There is a significant relationship between the % of silica and the % of volatile gases in these lava samples.

Confidence level

0.10 (90% significance)

0.05 (95% significance)

0.01 (99% significance)

Critical value

0.50

0.59

0.78

Using the Spearman’s rank correlation rs value calculated in (a)(ii), state which hypothesis can be accepted.

(1)

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3
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Study Figure 1a in the Resource Booklet and Figure 1b below.

fig-1a-qp-9geo-01-june-2018-edexcel-a-level-geo

Figure 1a

Tectonic setting of New Zealand

This data in Figure 1b was collected to investigate whether there was a significant difference in earthquake depth at the two plate boundaries shown in Figure 1a.

 

Number of earthquakes recorded in 2016

Mean focal depth of earthquakes (in kilometres)

Plate boundary A

186

34.8

Plate boundary B

145

12.7

Figure 1b

Frequency and focal depth of earthquakes in New Zealand, 2016

i)

Calculate the average monthly frequency of earthquakes at the two plate boundaries.

You must show your working.

(2)

ii)

A Student’s t-test was used to determine whether there was a statistical difference in the mean focal depth of the earthquakes at the two plate boundaries.

Two hypotheses were tested:

Null Hypothesis: There is no statistically significant difference between the mean focal depth of earthquakes at the two plate boundaries.

Alternative Hypothesis: There is a statistically significant difference between the mean focal depth of earthquakes at the two plate boundaries.

t equals fraction numerator stack x subscript 1 with bar on top space minus space stack x subscript 2 with bar on top over denominator square root of S subscript 1 squared over N subscript 1 plus S subscript 2 squared over N subscript 2 end root end fraction

Using the partially completed Student’s t-test below, calculate the value of t.

bold italic t bold equals fraction numerator bold 22 bold. bold 1 over denominator bold 4 bold. bold 43 end fraction

t =.....................................

(1)

iii)

Study Figure 1c below.

Confidence level

0.10 (90% significance)

0.05 (95% significance)

0.01 (99% significance)

Critical value of Student’s t-test

1.6

2.0

2.6

Figure 1c

Critical values for this Student’s t-test

Using the Student’s t-test value calculated in (a) (ii), state whether there is a significant difference between the mean focal depth of the earthquakes.

(1)

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4
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Study Figure 1 in the Resource Booklet.

fig1-paper1-spec2016-edexcel-alevel-geography

Figure 1

A graph showing the areal extent of selected volcanic hazards

For each volcanic hazard shown in Figure 1, draw a line from the site of eruption along the dotted line to show the areal extent of the hazard.  An example is shown for Hazard X.

(4)

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