Urban Precipitation (AQA A Level Geography) : Revision Note

Jacque Cartwright

Written by: Jacque Cartwright

Reviewed by: Bridgette Barrett

Updated on

Characteristics of Urban Drainage

  • Urban areas experience higher rates of precipitation compared to rural regions because of:

    • Pollution - urban air holds more condensation nuclei in the form of dust and dirt particulates

    • Warmer air - the warmer the air, the more moisture it holds

  • Surface runoff (overland flow) is dominant as much of the surfaces are impermeable or designed to shed water - the camber of a road, funnels water to drains

  • There is also less vegetation to intercept precipitation, which means less evapotranspiration (EVT) rates to cool the air and reduce humidity

  • As a result, more drainage is needed to remove surface water quickly

urban-vs-rural-runoff
Image showing contrast between urban and rural runoff

Impacts of Urbanisation on Drainage

  • The urban form impacts the drainage system in the following ways:

    • Inputs are increased

      • Precipitation is increased due to pollution and temperature

      • Extra water is artificially imported into the system

  • Outputs are unbalanced

    • Less vegetation reduces EVT

    • Impermeable surfaces increases runoff

    • Wastewater discharge is an adjusted output into a river or sea (sewage discharge is treated but there will still be liquid waste added to the system)

  • Transfers are increased

    • Runoff is contaminated through dust and pollutants from industry and transport

    • Artificial drainage systems are added above and below ground (e.g. guttering and storm drains etc.)

  • Stores are decreased overall

    • Impermeable surfaces reduce ground infiltration and stores are reduced

    • Rivers are diverted, dredged or channelised which increases capacity 

    • Reservoirs and ponds are permanent stores but vulnerable to evaporation

    • Depression (puddles) stores are temporary

    • Lakes and ponds in parks and homes are often drained

  • These changes become more pronounced across the urban pathway, with the urban CBD system seeing the greatest impacts, compared to the rural-urban fringe system

Urban Water Cycle

  • Urban hydrographs are 'flashy'

  • They show a rapid rise in discharge over a short period of time 

    • Short lag time

    • High peak discharge

    • Fast return to base flow

  • Caused by:

    • Low infiltration rates

    • High surface runoff

urban-rural-hydrograph-comparison
Comparison between rural and urban hydrographs - rural hydrographs are 'flat', whereas urban are 'flashy'
flood-hydrograph
  • Flash floods in urban areas are increased through:

    • Heavier rates of precipitation

    • Increased thunderstorms

    • High rates of impermeable surfaces

    • Channelling of surface runoff to drains

    • Building on floodplains to meet demand for housing

    • Culverts, rivers and drains blocked with debris

    • Narrow channels under bridges constricting flow

Examiner Tips and Tricks

  • Practice drawing and annotating or labelling a typical urban hydrograph to help explain how urban areas modify the water cycle.

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Jacque Cartwright

Author: Jacque Cartwright

Expertise: Geography Content Creator

Jacque graduated from the Open University with a BSc in Environmental Science and Geography before doing her PGCE with the University of St David’s, Swansea. Teaching is her passion and has taught across a wide range of specifications – GCSE/IGCSE and IB but particularly loves teaching the A-level Geography. For the past 5 years Jacque has been teaching online for international schools, and she knows what is needed to get the top scores on those pesky geography exams.

Bridgette Barrett

Reviewer: Bridgette Barrett

Expertise: Geography Lead

After graduating with a degree in Geography, Bridgette completed a PGCE over 25 years ago. She later gained an MA Learning, Technology and Education from the University of Nottingham focussing on online learning. At a time when the study of geography has never been more important, Bridgette is passionate about creating content which supports students in achieving their potential in geography and builds their confidence.

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