Health & Environmental Change (AQA A Level Geography)

Revision Note

Robin Martin-Jenkins

Written by: Robin Martin-Jenkins

Reviewed by: Bridgette Barrett

Impacts of Ozone Depletion

  • Depletion of the layer of ozone (O3) in the upper atmosphere, from 15-30 km high, has the potential to cause ill health and change population 

  • Ozone is a gas that protects the earth from the Sun’s shortwave ultraviolet radiation (UVR)

  • In the 1980s scientists discovered thinning of the ozone layer and holes above Antarctica and the Arctic

    • Depletion caused by damage from chlorofluorocarbons such as chlorine, and halocarbons such as bromine

    • Heavy industry, fridges and aerosol sprays were the main sources of these gases

  • Increased exposure to UVR in humans is a health risk and can lead to increased rates of skin cancer

    • Higher rates of melanoma skin cancer at higher latitudes

      • In 2020 Australia had 37 incidences of skin cancer for every 100,000 population, compared to a global average rate of 3.4 per 100,000

    • Skin cancer is the 17th most common cancer worldwide

    • Globally, cases of melanoma skin cancer are predicted to rise by 18% between 2018-2025

  • CFC emissions have been reduced by 99% since 196 countries signed the Montreal Protocol in 1987

  • A later ammendment at a summit in Copenhagen in 1992 tightened restrictions further

  • The layer is recovering but will take another 50 years to fully thicken to original levels

  • CFCs are also powerful greenhouse gases, so the reduction in their emissions helps to mitigate climate change

ozone-depletion
The Effects of CFC Reduction on Predicted Skin Cancer Rates in Northwest Europe
  • Another health risk from increased UVR exposure is cataracts

    • Cataracts lead to blurred vision caused by the lens of the eye becoming cloudy

    • Causes blindness in approximately 20 million people worldwide each year

  • The risk of both skin cancer and cataracts can be increased by:

    • Geographic location

      • Tropical areas have higher levels of UVR, although high latitudes can also be high risk due to less ozone protection

      • More exposure in open spaces with reflective surfaces such as sand and snow

      • Less exposure in urban areas as there is more shade

    • Time of day

      • Higher risk of exposure between 10am-2pm when the sun is most directly overhead

    • Altitude

      • At higher altitudes less atmosphere is available to absorb UVR

      • With every 1000m in altitude, UVR levels increase by approximately 10%

Examiner Tips and Tricks

An exam question on this section could ask you for an assessment or evaluation of these illnesses. If so, try and convey how the impact of rates of skin cancer and cataracts vary over space and time. For example, you could explain where in world the rates are highest, and highlight any differences between the two. Also, you could describe how the rates have changed due to strategies dealing with the root causes.

Impacts of a Changing Climate

Impacts of a Changing Climate

  • Climate change is having negative impacts on human health in three ways:

    • Direct impacts of more extreme weather, such as flooding and tropical storms

    • Indirect impacts of reduced environmental quality, such as air and water pollution and infectious diseases

    • Indirect impacts of reduced levels of mental health, such as increased trauma from climate-induced natural disasters

  • The World Health Organisation (WHO) predicts that by 2050 climate change will be responsible for an extra 250,000 deaths worldwide each year

  • There are some positive health impacts too, such as increased food supply in some parts of the world

m-merged-changing-climate
Health Impacts of Climate Change

Examiner Tips and Tricks

Try to make links between the various impacts of climate change. For example, an increase in vector-borne diseases will mean fewer people will be able to work in agriculture if they become ill, which will impact on food supplies and nutritional standards in some areas.

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Robin Martin-Jenkins

Author: Robin Martin-Jenkins

Expertise: Geography Content Creator

Robin has taught Geography at a number of UK secondary schools over the past 13 years, alongside various pastoral roles. He fell in love with Geography whilst at school and has been a passionate advocate of its importance and relevance ever since. He currently works in an independent secondary school where his teaching is combined with mentoring of younger teachers.

Bridgette Barrett

Author: Bridgette Barrett

Expertise: Geography Lead

After graduating with a degree in Geography, Bridgette completed a PGCE over 25 years ago. She later gained an MA Learning, Technology and Education from the University of Nottingham focussing on online learning. At a time when the study of geography has never been more important, Bridgette is passionate about creating content which supports students in achieving their potential in geography and builds their confidence.