Introduction (AQA A Level Geography)

Revision Note

Robin Martin-Jenkins

Written by: Robin Martin-Jenkins

Reviewed by: Bridgette Barrett

Characteristics of Population Change

Environmental Context

  • The environmental context refers to aspects of physical geography that affect the size, distribution and growth rate of an area’s population. It includes

    • Climate 

    • Soils

  • Availability of resources including water supply

physical-factors
Physical factors affecting population size and density

Examiner Tips and Tricks

In the exam you may be asked about the environmental context for human population. Try to discuss how the physical factors link together. For example, a more temperate climate with an even supply of rainfall is more likely to bring about a reliable water supply to support a large population. In contrast, arid areas are more likely to have thin soils prone to erosion.

Key population parameters

  • Distribution

    • Describes the pattern of how population is spread over an area

    • The world has an uneven population distribution

  • Density

    • The number of people living in a certain area

    • Usually measured in population per km2

  •  Numbers

    • The total amount of people living in an area

  • Change

    • How  population increases or decreases over time

    • Population is never static; the distribution, density and number is constantly evolving due to various processes

Development Processes & Change

Key role of development processes

  • Population parameters are affected by human factors as well as physical factors

  • Development processes describe how human societies advance over time due to technological change

  • Each advance in development changes the population size, density and distribution

Major Global Advances in Development

Development Process

Date

Description

Neolithic revolution

12,000 years ago

  • Development of farming practices and shift from small hunter-gatherer populations into larger, settled agricultural communities

  • More stable food supply leads to population growth

Industrial revolution

Approx 1760-1850

  • With the invention of labour-saving machinery and discovery of large supplies of energy resources, manufacturing industry overtook agriculture as the largest sector of the economy in Britain and other major world powers

  • People moved to cities in larger numbers and life expectancy increased as social conditions (for e.g. sanitation and medicine) improved

  • Many developing countries going through the same process today

  • Process leads to fast growing populations and [popover id="RJG7gj2uzRWFp-sf" label="urbanisation"]

Green revolution

1960s

  • Agricultural yields were maximised with new food technologies (e.g. hybrid seeds) and better farming techniques, particularly in less developed countries

  • More reliable food supply meant populations in developing countries increased quickly

  • Development processes can also reduce population totals

  • Countries reaching an advanced stage with highly developed social systems mean life expectancy can be very high

  • increasing proportion of the population is elderly so that death rates increase

  • Population growth rate slows and in some cases total population falls

  • Japan’s population is falling (2020 growth rate was -0.30%)

Global patterns of population numbers, densities and change rates

  • World population grew very slowly until 18th century

    • From 10,000 BCE to 1700 CE the average growth rate was just 0.04% per year

  • Exponential growth in population since the mid 18th century

    • World population reached 8 billion in November 2022

  • Despite the growth rate falling, world population is projected to continue to grow until approximately 2100 when it could reach more than 11 billion

world-population-total-and-growth
World population total and growth rate, 1750-2015 (with projections until 2100)
  • Population density varies across space and changes over time

    • Approximately 55% of the world now lives in cities but this figure is projected to reach 65% by 2050 as urbanisation increases

  • The densest populations are in areas that have the most favourable environmental conditions or where human development processes have occurred

global-pattern-of-population-density
Global pattern of population density (2018)
  • Population change rates vary with time

    • Global average growth rate has declined since around 1970 (see ‘World population total and growth rate’ graph above)

  • Population change rates vary over space

    • Countries that went through Industrial Revolutions in the 18th and 19th centuries experienced rapid population growth. Today those countries are developed and their growth rates have fallen. In some cases they have fallen so much that their total populations are in decline (e.g. Japan)

    • The fastest population growth today occurs in developing countries that are rapidly industrialising 

global-pattern-of-population-growth
Global pattern of population growth rate (2021)

Examiner Tips and Tricks

In the exam you may be asked to analyse the data found within maps or graphs of population change, such as the ones on this page. If faced with this type of 6 mark question:

  • Try and identify a general pattern if any exists

  • Describe any anomalies (exceptions to the pattern)

  • Look for links between the data in the graphs or maps

  • Manipulate the data in some way, rather than just lifting it directly

    • e.g. “the total population increased by 10 times between the years x and y”

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Robin Martin-Jenkins

Author: Robin Martin-Jenkins

Expertise: Geography Content Creator

Robin has taught Geography at a number of UK secondary schools over the past 13 years, alongside various pastoral roles. He fell in love with Geography whilst at school and has been a passionate advocate of its importance and relevance ever since. He currently works in an independent secondary school where his teaching is combined with mentoring of younger teachers.

Bridgette Barrett

Author: Bridgette Barrett

Expertise: Geography Lead

After graduating with a degree in Geography, Bridgette completed a PGCE over 25 years ago. She later gained an MA Learning, Technology and Education from the University of Nottingham focussing on online learning. At a time when the study of geography has never been more important, Bridgette is passionate about creating content which supports students in achieving their potential in geography and builds their confidence.