Define the term urbanisation.
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Define the term urbanisation.
Urbanisation is the progressive concentration of the population into urban areas over time, caused by a combination of high natural increases in the urban population and the process of rural-urban migration.
True or False?
HDEs show the lowest levels of urbanisation globally.
False.
HDEs show the highest levels of urbanisation, with the lowest levels being in Africa and SE Asia.
What is urban growth?
Urban growth is growth in the total population numbers and/or physical expansion of the urban area.
Define the term counter-urbanisation.
Counter-urbanisation is the movement of people from an urban area into the surrounding rural region.
What is re-urbanisation?
Re-urbanisation, also known as urban resurgence, is the movement of people back into cities from the surrounding areas.
True or False?
Urbanisation and urban growth are the same thing.
False.
Urbanisation is about the concentration of people in urban areas through natural increase and inward migration.
Urban growth is the increase in total population and/or physical size of a town or city.
What is over-urbanisation?
Over-urbanisation is where the rate of urbanisation exceeds the rate of economic development, leading to high unemployment and increased demand for resources.
Define the term conurbation.
A conurbation is an extended urban area formed when several towns or cities merge due to expansion.
True or False?
In 50 years time, more than 60% of the world’s population will live in cities.
False.
In 50 years time, more than 75% of the world’s population will live in cities.
What proportion of the earth's surface was cities in 2020?
In 2020, cities occupied 4% of the earth's surface. Home to 56% of the world’s population.
What is a megacity?
A megacity is a city with more than 10 million people.
True or False?
New York was the first megacity in 1950.
True.
New York was the first megacity in 1950, with Tokyo being the second.
What are world cities?
World cities, also known as global cities, are cities that exert particular influences around the globe, regardless of their size. They are critical hubs for the flow of wealth, trade, people and culture.
Define what is meant by an alpha city.
Alpha cities are a select band of top-tier cities, such as London, New York, and Tokyo, that are status points of global economic power and major hubs in the complex networks produced through economic globalisation.
What is the multiplier effect in relation to megacities?
For megacities, the multiplier effect is the cycle in which a city's prosperity attracts people and businesses, encourages inward investment, leads to more development and growth, and creates more demand for skills and labour.
True or False?
There are many world cities in the southern hemisphere.
False.
There are only four world cities in the southern hemisphere: Sydney, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and Buenos Aires.
Define economies of scale in relation to megacities.
Economies of scale are the financial benefits of providing goods and services in one megacity rather than several smaller cities, including infrastructure savings and centralised communication and transport.
What is internal growth in megacities?
Internal growth in megacities refers to the population increase that occurs when people who have moved into the city have children, thus sustaining population growth from within the city.
True or False?
All megacities are world cities.
False.
Many megacities are world cities, but not every megacity has the global influence required to be classified as a world city, and not all world cities have populations large enough to be megacities.
Define peri-urban areas.
Peri-urban areas are the regions immediately surrounding a city or town, often characterised by a mixture of urban and rural land uses.
What are growth poles?
Growth poles are urban economic growth centres focused around ports and urban cores that encourage the inward movement of people for jobs and better wages.
Define deindustrialisation.
Deindustrialisation is the process of social and economic change resulting from the removal or reduction of industrial capacity or activity in a nation or region, particularly heavy industry or manufacturing industry.
What is urban blight?
Urban blight refers to the deterioration and decay of buildings and older areas of large cities due to a lack of investment and maintenance, which often leads to abandoned structures and areas.
True or False?
The Clarke-Fisher Model shows that the primary sector increases over time in developed economies.
False.
The Clarke-Fisher Model shows that the primary sector decreases over time in developed economies, while the tertiary and quaternary sectors increase.
What are Enterprise Zones (EZs)?
Enterprise Zones (EZs) are designated areas of high unemployment where the government provides incentives such as reduced taxes and cheaper rents to attract companies and boost the local economy.
True or False?
Decentralisation in urban areas only affects the industrial sector.
False.
Decentralisation affects various sectors, including industry, retail, commercial, and services such as hospitals, schools, and universities.
What is the knowledge economy?
The knowledge economy refers to the use of knowledge to produce economic benefits. It is characterised by placing a greater emphasis on intellectual abilities than on physical inputs or natural resources.
Define urban regeneration.
Urban regeneration is the process of improving derelict or dilapidated areas of a city, often through a combination of physical, social, and economic measures to improve the area's conditions and bring new vitality.
Define gentrification.
Gentrification is the process of changing the character of a neighbourhood through the influx of more affluent residents and businesses, often leading to increased property values and the displacement of lower-income residents.
What are partnership schemes in urban regeneration?
Partnership schemes in urban regeneration are initiatives where the government provides financial support and expertise in partnership with private companies to improve the economic, social, and physical environment of deprived urban areas.