Urbanisation (AQA A Level Geography)

A megacity is a city with more than 10 million people.

True.

New York was the first megacity in 1950, with Tokyo being the second.

World cities, also known as global cities, are cities that exert particular influences around the globe, regardless of their size. They are critical hubs for the flow of wealth, trade, people and culture.

Alpha cities are a select band of top-tier cities, such as London, New York, and Tokyo, that are status points of global economic power and major hubs in the complex networks produced through economic globalisation.

For megacities, the multiplier effect is the cycle in which a city's prosperity attracts people and businesses, encourages inward investment, leads to more development and growth, and creates more demand for skills and labour.

False.

There are only four world cities in the southern hemisphere: Sydney, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and Buenos Aires.

Economies of scale are the financial benefits of providing goods and services in one megacity rather than several smaller cities, including infrastructure savings and centralised communication and transport.

Internal growth in megacities refers to the population increase that occurs when people who have moved into the city have children, thus sustaining population growth from within the city.

False.

Many megacities are world cities, but not every megacity has the global influence required to be classified as a world city, and not all world cities have populations large enough to be megacities.

Peri-urban areas are the regions immediately surrounding a city or town, often characterised by a mixture of urban and rural land uses.

Growth poles are urban economic growth centres focused around ports and urban cores that encourage the inward movement of people for jobs and better wages.

Deindustrialisation is the process of social and economic change resulting from the removal or reduction of industrial capacity or activity in a nation or region, particularly heavy industry or manufacturing industry.

Urban blight refers to the deterioration and decay of buildings and older areas of large cities due to a lack of investment and maintenance, which often leads to abandoned structures and areas.

False.

The Clarke-Fisher Model shows that the primary sector decreases over time in developed economies, while the tertiary and quaternary sectors increase.

Enterprise Zones (EZs) are designated areas of high unemployment where the government provides incentives such as reduced taxes and cheaper rents to attract companies and boost the local economy.

False.

Decentralisation affects various sectors, including industry, retail, commercial, and services such as hospitals, schools, and universities.

The knowledge economy refers to the use of knowledge to produce economic benefits. It is characterised by placing a greater emphasis on intellectual abilities than on physical inputs or natural resources.

Urban regeneration is the process of improving derelict or dilapidated areas of a city, often through a combination of physical, social, and economic measures to improve the area's conditions and bring new vitality.

Gentrification is the process of changing the character of a neighbourhood through the influx of more affluent residents and businesses, often leading to increased property values and the displacement of lower-income residents.

Partnership schemes in urban regeneration are initiatives where the government provides financial support and expertise in partnership with private companies to improve the economic, social, and physical environment of deprived urban areas.