Quantitative & Qualitative skills (AQA A Level Geography)

A Chi-Squared test is used to test objectively whether connections between variables are due to chance or whether the variables depend on one another.

The Chi-Squared equation is:

Where O is the observed value and E is the expected value.

The four steps in the Chi-Squared test process are:

1) State the null hypothesis.

2) Calculate the chi-squared figure using the equation.

3) Test the significance of the result with a confidence level of 95% or 99%.

4) Define the degrees of freedom (df) to use.

Degrees of freedom (df) in a Chi-Squared test is calculated as the number of rows minus 1 (n-1).

Chi-Squared tests typically use confidence levels of 95% or 99%.

False.

A hypothesis cannot be categorically proved, it can only be accepted or rejected based on confidence levels.

The four factors to consider when evaluating significance are:

• Time.

• Scale.

• Cost.

• Ethics.

Qualitative photo analysis is an observational skill involving examining features in the foreground and background. These features are then related via annotation to the area you are focusing on.

False.

In evaluative skills, it's important to consider whether the cost is worth the benefits, not just whether it's expensive or cheap.

True.

There is no significant variation in sediment size along the beach is a null hypothesis because the analysis of sediment size would involve a statistical test.