Define morbidity.
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Define morbidity.
Morbidity is the rate of disease in a population.
What is HALE?
HALE stands for healthy life expectancy, which refers to how long a person can be expected to live in good health without significant disease or injury.
True or False?
Non-communicable diseases are more prevalent in low-income countries.
False.
Non-communicable diseases are often more prevalent in high-income countries due to higher proportions of elderly population and increasing affluence leading to unhealthy lifestyles.
What is a communicable disease?
A communicable disease is an infectious condition that can be passed from person to person such as malaria, HIV/AIDS and coronavirus.
Define epidemiological transition.
Epidemiological transition is how mortality rates in places change over time due to economic and social developments, with the main causes of death shifting from infectious diseases to degenerative, non-communicable illnesses.
What characterises Stage 1 of the epidemiological transition?
Stage 1 of the epidemiological transition is characterised by a high number of deaths from infectious disease and a low life expectancy.
What happens in Stage 3 of the epidemiological transition?
In Stage 3 of the epidemiological transition, non-communicable illnesses start to affect more people as they live longer, and increasing affluence leads to less healthy lifestyles.
Define crude death rate.
The crude death rate is the total number of deaths per year per 1 000 people in a population.
True or False?
Morbidity patterns are the same for all types of illnesses.
False.
Morbidity patterns vary according to two different types of illness: non-communicable diseases and communicable diseases.
What characterises Stage 5 of the epidemiological transition?
Stage 5 of the epidemiological transition is characterised by the re-emergence of infectious diseases as globalisation allows disease to spread more easily and bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics.
What percentage of disease risk comes from environmental factors?
An estimated 70-90% of disease risk comes from environmental factors.
True or False?
The climate has no impact on human health.
False.
The climate can significantly impact human health, for example, through heat stress, the spread of vector-borne diseases, and impacts on food and water security.
What percentage of the global population breathes air that exceeds WHO safe guideline limits?
Approximately, 99% of the global population breathes air that exceeds WHO safe guideline limits for air pollution.
Define particulate matter.
Particulate matter is made up of tiny particles suspended in the air that can be harmful when inhaled, including dust, pollen, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets.
True or False?
Indoor air pollution is not a significant health concern.
False.
Indoor air pollution, particularly from polluting open fires or ovens fuelled by kerosene, biomass, and coal, is a major health concern affecting approximately 2.4 billion people.
How many premature deaths annually are attributed to the combined effects of ambient and household air pollution?
The combined effects of ambient and household air pollution lead to an estimated 7 million premature deaths annually around the world.
What is water stress?
Water stress is when the demand for water exceeds the available amount during a certain period or when poor quality restricts its use.
How many people use a drinking water source contaminated with faeces?
More than 2 billion people use a drinking water source contaminated with faeces.
What is the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation?
The co-founder of Microsoft and his wife established the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, an NGO that works to improve health and lessen extreme poverty around the world.
True or False?
The WHO was universally praised for its handling of the COVID-19 pandemic.
False.
The WHO was criticised during the COVID-19 pandemic, with some feeling it was too bureaucratic and lacked leadership on the front- lines.
Define prevalence.
Prevalence is the proportion of a population who have a specific characteristic in a given time period.
What is a disease vector?
A disease vector is an organism that carries and transmits an infectious pathogen to another living organism, such as mosquitoes carrying malaria parasites.
How many people were estimated to have contracted malaria in 2020?
In 2020, an estimated 241 million people contracted malaria in 85 countries.
True or False?
Malaria is equally dangerous for all age groups.
False.
Infants and children under 5 years of age, pregnant women, and patients with HIV/AIDS are most susceptible to dying from severe malaria.
What is a malaria endemic area?
A malaria endemic area is a region where malaria is present throughout the year due to less marked seasonal variations, typically in equatorial regions.
What temperature range can malaria parasites survive in?
Malaria parasites can only survive in temperatures between 16 °C and 32 °C.
True or False?
Poverty has no impact on malaria risk.
False.
Poverty is a malaria risk factor due to a lack of investment in prevention programmes such as mosquito nets.
What is Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention (SMC)?
Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention (SMC) is a programme that delivers antimalarial medicine to vulnerable populations during peak malaria transmission season, whether or not the recipient is infected with malaria.
What are ITNs?
ITNs are insecticide-treated mosquito nets given to vulnerable communities as a vector control method for malaria.
What is indoor residual spraying (IRS)?
Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is the spraying of insecticide on surfaces within homes to repel mosquitoes as a vector control method for malaria.
True or False?
Insecticides used for malaria control have no negative effects.
False.
Insecticides can have negative effects on people's health and local ecosystems, and there is evidence of mosquitoes developing resistance to them.
How has the number of countries with fewer than 100 malaria cases changed since 2000?
In 2000, 6 countries in malaria transmission zones had fewer than 100 cases. By 2020, that had increased to 26 countries.
What is asthma?
Asthma is a non-communicable (non-infectious) chronic (long-term) lung disease found in all countries of the world, affecting both children and adults.
How many people were estimated to be affected by asthma in 2019?
World Health Organisation (WHO) data shows asthma affected an estimated 262 million people in 2019.
True or False?
Asthma has a high mortality rate compared to other diseases.
False.
Asthma has a relatively low mortality rate, responsible for less than 1% of worldwide deaths each year.
What percentage of children globally suffer from asthma?
Approximately, 14% of children globally suffer from asthma.
Name three physical or environmental triggers for asthma.
Three physical or environmental triggers for asthma are:
Cold and damp air.
Allergens and irritants, such as air pollution.
Viral respiratory infections.
True or False?
Obesity has no link to asthma.
False.
Studies have shown links between increased asthma cases and obesity, with teenagers eating three or more servings of fast food a week, being 39% more likely to develop severe asthma.
How does asthma impact productivity?
Asthma sufferers can be less productive at school and work, so educational and career outcomes can be hampered.
How much does asthma care and treatment cost the UK NHS annually?
In the UK, £1 billion is spent annually by the NHS on asthma care and treatment.
True or False?
There is no way to prevent asthma.
False.
While asthma cannot always be prevented, steps can be taken to reduce the risk, such as avoiding tobacco smoke exposure and reducing air pollution.
How can asthma be managed?
Ways to manage asthma include using inhalers to deliver medication directly to the lungs and avoiding known triggers such as allergens or irritants.