Modulus-Argument Form

The complex number $z = x + i y$ is said to be in Cartesian form. There are, however, other ways to write a complex number, such as in modulus-argument (polar) form.

How do I write a complex number in modulus-argument (polar) form?

The Cartesian form of a complex number, $z = x + i y$ , is written in terms of its real part, $x$ , and its imaginary part, $y$
If we let $r = | z |$ and $θ = \arg z$ , then it is possible to write a complex number in terms of its modulus, $r$ , and its argument, $θ$ , called the modulus-argument (polar) form, given by...
- $z = r (\cos θ + isin θ)$
It is usual to give arguments in the range $- π < θ \leq π$
- Negative arguments should be shown clearly, e.g. $z = 2 (\cos (- \frac{π}{3}) + isin (- \frac{π}{3}))$ without simplifying $\cos (- \frac{π}{3})$ to either $\cos (\frac{π}{3})$ or $\frac{1}{2}$
- Occasionally you could be asked to give arguments in the range $0 \leq θ < 2 π$
If a complex number is given in the form $z = r (\cos θ - isin θ)$ , then it is not currently in modulus-argument (polar) form due to the minus sign, but can be converted as follows…
- By considering transformations of trigonometric functions, we see that $- \sin θ \equiv \sin (- θ)$ and $\cos θ \equiv \cos (- θ)$
- Therefore $z = r (\cos θ - isin θ)$ can be written as $z = r (\cos (- θ) + isin (- θ))$ , now in the correct form and indicating an argument of $- θ$
To convert from modulus-argument (polar) form back to Cartesian form, evaluate the real and imaginary parts
- E.g. $z = 2 (\cos (- \frac{π}{3}) + isin (- \frac{π}{3}))$ becomes $z = 2 (\frac{1}{2} + i (- \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2})) = 1 - \sqrt{3} i$

8-2-3_notes_fig3

Worked example

Write $z = - 4 + 4 i$ in the form $r (\cos θ + i \sin θ)$ where $r$ and $θ$ are exact.

al-fm-1-1-4-mod-and-arg-form-we-solution-1

Operations using Modulus-Argument Form

What are the rules for moduli and arguments under multiplication and division?

When two complex numbers, $z_{1}$ and $z_{2}$ , are multiplied to give $z_{1} z_{2}$ , their moduli are also multiplied
- $|z_{1} z_{2}| = |z_{1}| | z_{2} |$
When two complex numbers, $z_{1}$ and $z_{2}$ , are divided to give $\frac{z_{1}}{z_{2}}$ , their moduli are also divided
- $|\frac{z_{1}}{z_{2}}| = \frac{|z_{1}|}{|z_{2}|}$
When two complex numbers, $z_{1}$ and $z_{2}$ , are multiplied to give $z_{1} z_{2}$ , their arguments are added
- $\arg (z_{1} z_{2}) = \arg z_{1} + \arg z_{2}$
When two complex numbers, $z_{1}$ and $z_{2}$ , are divided to give $\frac{z_{1}}{z_{2}}$ , their arguments are subtracted
- $\arg (\frac{z_{1}}{z_{2}}) = \arg z_{1} - \arg z_{2}$

How do I multiply complex numbers in modulus-argument (polar) form?

The main benefit of writing complex numbers in modulus-argument (polar) form is that they multiply and divide very easily (often quicker than when in Cartesian form)
To multiply two complex numbers, $z_{1}$ and $z_{2}$ , in modulus-argument (polar) form we use the rules from above to multiply their moduli and add their arguments
- $|z_{1} z_{2}| = |z_{1}| |z_{2}|$
- $\arg (z_{1} z_{2}) = \arg z_{1} + \arg z_{2}$
So if $z_{1} = r_{1} (\cos θ_{1} + isin θ_{1})$ and $z_{2} = r_{2} (\cos θ_{2} + isin θ_{2})$ then the rules above give…
- $z_{1} z_{2} = r_{1} r_{2} (\cos (θ_{1} + θ_{2}) + isin (θ_{1} + θ_{2}))$
Sometimes the new argument, $θ_{1} + θ_{2}$ , does not lie in the range $- π < θ \leq π$ (or $0 \leq θ < 2 π$ if this is being used)
- An out-of-range argument can be adjusted by either adding or subtracting $2 π$
- E.g. If $θ_{1} = \frac{2 π}{3}$ and $θ_{2} = \frac{π}{2}$ then $θ_{1} + θ_{2} = \frac{7 π}{6}$
  - This is currently not in the range , but by subtracting $2 π$ from $\frac{7 π}{6}$ to give $- \frac{5 π}{6}$ , a new argument is formed that lies in the correct range and represents the same angle on an Argand diagram
The rules of multiplying the moduli and adding the arguments can also be applied when…
- …multiplying three complex numbers together, $z_{1} z_{2} z_{3}$ , or more
- …finding powers of a complex number (e.g. $z^{2}$ can be written as $z z$ )
Whilst not examinable, the rules for multiplication can be proved algebraically by multiplying $z_{1} = r_{1} (\cos θ_{1} + isin θ_{1})$ by $z_{2} = r_{2} (\cos θ_{2} + isin θ_{2})$ , expanding the brackets and using compound angle formulae

How do I divide complex numbers in modulus-argument (polar) form?

To divide two complex numbers, $z_{1}$ and $z_{2}$ in modulus-argument (polar) form, we use the rules from above to divide their moduli and subtract their arguments
- $|\frac{z_{1}}{z_{2}}| = \frac{|z_{1}|}{| z_{2} |}$
- $\arg (\frac{z_{1}}{z_{2}}) = \arg z_{1} - \arg z_{2}$
So if $z_{1} = r_{1} (\cos θ_{1} + isin θ_{1})$ and $z_{2} = r_{2} (\cos θ_{2} + isin θ_{2})$ then the rules above give…
- $\frac{z_{1}}{z_{2}} = \frac{r_{1}}{r_{2}} (\cos (θ_{1} - θ_{2}) + isin (θ_{1} - θ_{2}))$
As with multiplication, sometimes the new argument, $θ_{1} - θ_{2}$ , can lie out of the range $- π < θ \leq π$ (or the range $0 < θ \leq 2 π$ if this is being used)
- You can add or subtract $2 π$ to bring out-of-range arguments back in range
Whilst not examinable, the rules for division can be proved algebraically by dividing $z_{1} = r_{1} (\cos θ_{1} + isin θ_{1})$ by $z_{2} = r_{2} (\cos θ_{2} + isin θ_{2})$ , using complex division and compound angle formulae

Worked example

Let $z_{1} = 4 \sqrt{2} (\cos (\frac{3 π}{4}) + isin (\frac{3 π}{4}))$ and $z_{2} = \sqrt{8} (\cos (\frac{π}{2}) - isin (\frac{π}{2}))$

Find

z_{1} z_{2}

, giving your answer in the form

r (\cos θ + isin θ)

where

0 \leq θ < 2 π

example of multiplying two complex numbers in modulus argument form

Find

\frac{z_{1}}{z_{2}}

, giving your answer in the form

r (\cos θ + isin θ)

where

- π \leq θ < π

example of dividing two complex numbers in modulus argument form

Modulus-Argument Form (Edexcel A Level Further Maths: Core Pure)

Revision Note

How do I write a complex number in modulus-argument (polar) form?

What are the rules for moduli and arguments under multiplication and division?

How do I multiply complex numbers in modulus-argument (polar) form?

How do I divide complex numbers in modulus-argument (polar) form?

You've read 0 of your 5 free revision notes this week

Sign up now. It’s free!

Join the 100,000+ Students that ❤️ Save My Exams

1. Complex Numbers

1.1 Complex Numbers & Argand Diagrams

1.1.1 Introduction to Complex Numbers

1.1.2 Solving Equations with Complex Roots

1.1.3 Modulus & Argument

1.1.4 Modulus-Argument Form

1.1.5 Loci in Argand Diagrams

1.1.6 Regions in Argand Diagrams

1.2 Exponential Form & de Moivre's Theorem

1.2.1 Exponential Form

1.2.2 de Moivre's Theorem

1.2.3 Applications of de Moivre's Theorem

1.2.4 Roots of Complex Numbers

2. Matrices

2.1 Properties of Matrices

2.1.1 Introduction to Matrices

2.1.2 Determinants of Matrices

2.1.3 Inverses of Matrices

2.2 Transformations using Matrices

2.2.1 Transformations using a Matrix

2.2.2 Geometric Transformations with Matrices

2.2.3 Invariant Points & Lines

3. Further Algebra & Functions

3.1 Roots of Polynomials

3.1.1 Roots of Polynomials

3.1.2 Linear Transformations of Roots

3.2 Series

3.2.1 Sums of Integers, Squares & Cubes

3.2.2 Method of Differences

3.3 Maclaurin Series

3.3.1 Maclaurin Series

4. Hyperbolic Functions

4.1 Hyperbolic Functions

4.1.1 Hyperbolic Functions & Graphs

4.1.2 Logarithmic Forms of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

4.1.3 Hyperbolic Identities & Equations

4.1.4 Differentiating & Integrating Hyperbolic Functions

5. Further Calculus

5.1 Volumes of Revolution

5.1.1 Volumes of Revolution

5.1.2 Modelling with Volumes of Revolution

5.2 Methods in Calculus

5.2.1 Improper Integrals

5.2.2 Mean Value of a Function

5.2.3 Integrating with Partial Fractions

5.2.4 Calculus involving Inverse Trig

5.2.5 Integration by Substitution

6. Further Vectors

6.1 Vector Lines

6.1.1 Equations of Lines in 3D

6.1.2 Pairs of Lines in 3D

6.1.3 Angle between Lines

6.1.4 Shortest Distances - Lines

6.2 Vector Planes

6.2.1 Equations of planes

6.2.2 Combinations of Lines & Planes

6.2.3 Combinations of Planes

6.2.4 Shortest Distances - Planes

7. Polar Coordinates

7.1 Polar Coordinates

7.1.1 Polar Coordinates

7.1.2 Calculus with Polar Coordinates

8. Differential Equations

8.1 First Order Differential Equations

8.1.1 Intro to Differential Equations

8.1.2 Solving First Order Differential Equations

8.1.3 Modelling using First Order Differential Equations

8.2 Second Order Differential Equations

8.2.1 Solving Second Order Differential Equations

8.2.2 Coupled First Order Linear Equations

8.3 Simple Harmonic Motion