Public Sector Finances (Edexcel A Level Economics A)
Revision Note
Written by: Steve Vorster
Reviewed by: Jenna Quinn
Public Sector Finance Terminology
Distinction between automatic stabilisers and discretionary fiscal policy
Automatic stabilisers: these are automatic fiscal changes as the economy moves through stages of the business/trade cycle
E.g. A fall in tax revenues during a recession or an increase in state welfare benefits paid out when unemployment is rising
They do not require active intervention from the government but happen automatically in the background
Discretionary fiscal policy: a demand-side policy that uses government spending and taxation policy to influence aggregate demand (AD)
Distinction between a fiscal deficit and the national debt
A fiscal deficit occurs when the level of government spending is greater than the government tax revenue in any given year
The national debt is the accumulation of all previous deficits. The deficit in one year adds to the national debt from previous years
Distinction between structural and cyclical deficits
Cyclical deficits occur due to downturns in the business/trade cycle, usually as a result of a recession
Governments receive less tax revenue as profits and income fall - and government spending increases
These deficits tend to self-correct as the economy starts to grow again
Structural deficits are present even when an economy may be operating at the full employment level of output
These deficits are difficult to correct
These deficits may be caused by a widespread tax avoidance culture, or poor governance
Factors Influencing the Size of Fiscal Deficits
Factors Influencing the Size of Fiscal Deficits
State of the economy | Housing Market |
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Government revenue often increases in a boom and decreases in a recession. Government spending often decreases in a boom and increases in a recession. Fiscal deficits tend to increase as the state of the economy worsens | The government receives an indirect tax from property sales (stamp duty). This revenue increases when an economy is doing well and helps to reduce fiscal deficits |
Political priorities | Unforeseen events |
If political priorities change then the size of the fiscal deficit can change e.g. after the UK Government has spent billions in rescuing the economy after the Global Financial Crisis of 2008 they prioritised austerity with the focus of eliminating the deficit | Many unforeseen events occur each year which require government support e.g. The Russian war on Ukraine started in February 2022 and by June 2022 the UK Government had spent £2.8 bn. in providing assistance (it is worth noting that much of this went to the UK military industry to pay for weapons which were donated to the Ukraine. This increased UK GDP) |
Factors Influencing the Size of National Debts
Factors Influencing the Size of National Debts
Factor | Explanation |
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Size of fiscal deficits |
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Government policies |
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The Significance of the Size of Deficits & National Debts
The size of the deficits and national debt can influence multiple factors in an economy
These factors tend to be more long-term in nature and can have significant repercussions should the level of national debt become unsustainable
Interest rates: The higher the level of UK Government debt as a proportion of GDP, the more concerned global lenders will be to continue lending to fund future deficits. This may require the UK to raise interest rates to entice lenders to make their money available to the UK government
Debt servicing: there is an opportunity cost to paying back debt and debt interest. The higher the debt, the greater the opportunity cost e.g. every £ spent on paying back interest could have been spent on education improvements instead
Inter-generational equity: today's borrowing has to be paid back from tax revenue received from future generations. The greater the debt, the greater the burden on the next generation of tax payers
Rate of inflation: Inflation reduces purchasing power (which is bad) but at the same time it allows the UK Government to pay back lenders with money worth less than when it was originally borrowed
Nation's credit rating: Standard and Poor's is a credit rating agency based in the USA who provides credit ratings for different Nations. Investors use this to guide their lending. Countries with a good credit rating will be able to borrow funds at a lower interest rate
Foreign direct investment (FDI): the higher the level of external debt, the more foreign currency is required by the Government to pay it (e.g. UK borrowing from the USA in US$ needs to be repaid in US$). Countries may run short of foreign currency and one way to obtain more is to make foreign direct investment more attractive. This means more assets are being sold but it does bring in more foreign currency which can be used to facilitate repayments
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