Macroeconomic Policies in a Global Context (Edexcel A Level Economics A)
Revision Note
Written by: Steve Vorster
Reviewed by: Jenna Quinn
Macroeconomic Policies in a Global Context
Due to globalisation, economies do not operate in isolation but are highly interdependent
This means that the effectiveness of any of the macroeconomic policies and direct controls used by a government is dependent on the global environment
The extent to which it is dependent is influenced by the size and development of the economy
Different approaches are used by different governments to attempt to solve the same problem
E.g. After the Global Financial Crisis of 2008, the UK Conservative led government initially used a Keynesian approach to bailing out the banks and then quickly followed this with a contractionary demand-side policy of austerity. The Democratic led USA Government also used a Keynesian approach to rescuing financial institutions and then followed it up with further expansionary fiscal and monetary policy
The Use of Policy Measures To:
Aim | Explanation |
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Reduce fiscal deficits and national debts |
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Reduce poverty and inequality |
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Changes in interest rates and the supply of money |
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Increase international competitiveness |
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Use of Policies in Responding to External Shocks
The following recent external shocks to the global economy have forced governments to respond with a range of policies in order to steer their economies through the crisis
The Global Financial Crisis of 2008
The Arab Spring which started in 2011: This was a further development of the Iraq War and the long running war on terror. It continued to develop into a major conflict centered in Syria, raising geopolitical tensions. Many Western economies benefitted through an increase in gross domestic product as governments increased spending on military hardware
The Asian Tsunami of 2011 had major impacts on the supply chains of many automotive and electronic industries
The Global Trade War that developed under President Trump and continued from 2016 to 2020
The Global Pandemic, Covid19, which started in January of 2020
The Russian War on the Ukraine which started in February 2022. The Ukraine is one of the world's largest producers of grain and Russia is one of the world's largest exporters of natural gas
Measures to Control Global Companies
The ability of governments to control global companies is dependent on a range of factors including
The power of the government in relation to the power of Transnational Corporations
The absence of corruption e.g. Singapore is ruthless in stamping out corruption but Romania and Democratic Republic of Congo are well known for their high levels of corruption. The latter allow Transnational Corporations to influence legislation and to decide how the factors of productions are used/exploited
The state of development of the legal, financial, media and political institutions e.g. many of these institutions remain undeveloped in Cambodia and Transnational Corporations are stripping the country of its resources
The state of development of the economy as a whole (developing or developed)
Transnational Corporations are well known for using their power, wealth and access to the world's best lawyers to secure (and protect) favorable trading conditions that will maximise their profits
They often engage in monopoly and monopsony behaviour
Reducing the use of transfer pricing
A corporation will set up multiple sub-corporations which it owns
The corporation then extracts resources from a country and sells it to their own sub-corporation at a low price
This results in low taxes or low revenue share in the resource rich country e.g. Chinese and Singaporean firms working in DRC have an arrangement to pay the government 40% of the revenue received for the sale of cobalt
If they sell it to their own sub-corporation at a low price, the government receives less revenue
It is hard for less developed countries to challenge this kind of power and the World Bank is now helping governments to negotiate deals that bring transparency
Other measures to reduce transnational abuse of power
Setting more rigorous labour protection laws as well as ensuring that transnationals are using local labour and not labour from their own country
Establishing more rigorous laws around technology transfer between local and transnational firms
Establishing limitations or targets on the level of exports by the transnational firms
Problems Facing Policymakers
Problems Facing Policymakers When Applying Policies
Problem | Explanation |
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Inaccurate information |
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Risks and uncertainties |
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Inability to control external shocks |
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