Monopsony (Edexcel A Level Economics A)

Revision Note

Steve Vorster

Written by: Steve Vorster

Reviewed by: Jenna Quinn

Monopsony Power

  • A monopsony occurs when there is a single buyer in the market

  • A pure monopsony is actually very rare, however there are many cases where there is a dominant buyer in an oligopoly or monopoly market structure 

    • E.g. Supermarkets in the UK buy the majority of milk supplied by dairy farmers and collectively act as a monopsony

    • E.g. The Ministry of Defence is often a dominant purchaser of war materials supplied by UK companies

    • E.g. The National Health Service is the dominant purchaser of nursing labour

  • A monopsonist has three main characteristics

  1. They are wage makers: this is especially prevalent in industries where the government is the majority purchaser of labour e.g. doctors, nurses, teachers, emergency services staff, military personnel 

  2. They are profit maximisers: They aim to minimise their costs and maximise their profits by paying suppliers as little as possible

  3. They purchase a large portion of the market supply provided by sellers

Costs & Benefits of a Monopsony

  • Consumers frequently cheer lower prices as it enables their income to go further. However, lower prices that are generated through monopsony power have the potential to change an entire industry in the long-run

    • E.g. More than 1,000 dairy farms in the UK have closed since 2013 as supermarkets have exercised their monopsony power reducing the price, they pay farmers per litre of milk

    • It is becoming increasingly difficult to recruit teachers and nurses as the Government continues to suppress wages. This is changing the education and healthcare industries

The Costs and Benefits of Monopsony Power

Stakeholder

Benefits

Costs

Firms

  • Reduced costs of production lead to higher profits

  • May experience some reputational damage for the way they treat their suppliers

  • The continual price pressure on suppliers often results in conflict with them which can be difficult to manage

  • In the long-run, they may drive their suppliers out of business causing supply chain issues

Employees

  • The higher profits often result in higher wages for the monopsonists employees

  • Employees may find it difficult to reconcile their ethics/values with the way suppliers are treated

Consumers

  • Lower average costs for the firm may result in lower prices for consumers

  • The quality of the product may decrease as suppliers attempt to cut their own costs in response to the price pressure from the monopsonist

Suppliers

  • Supplying to a large well-known monopoly may enhance the supplier's reputation and open up new opportunities

  • Supplying to a large well-known monopoly may provide an opportunity to increase sales volume

  • Suppliers may seek to reallocate their resources to more profitable industries leading to less supply in the market (law of supply)

  • Suppliers may be driven out of business

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Steve Vorster

Author: Steve Vorster

Expertise: Economics & Business Subject Lead

Steve has taught A Level, GCSE, IGCSE Business and Economics - as well as IBDP Economics and Business Management. He is an IBDP Examiner and IGCSE textbook author. His students regularly achieve 90-100% in their final exams. Steve has been the Assistant Head of Sixth Form for a school in Devon, and Head of Economics at the world's largest International school in Singapore. He loves to create resources which speed up student learning and are easily accessible by all.

Jenna Quinn

Author: Jenna Quinn

Expertise: Head of New Subjects

Jenna studied at Cardiff University before training to become a science teacher at the University of Bath specialising in Biology (although she loves teaching all three sciences at GCSE level!). Teaching is her passion, and with 10 years experience teaching across a wide range of specifications – from GCSE and A Level Biology in the UK to IGCSE and IB Biology internationally – she knows what is required to pass those Biology exams.