Investment (I) (Edexcel A Level Economics A)

Revision Note

Steve Vorster

Written by: Steve Vorster

Reviewed by: Jenna Quinn

Gross & Net Investment

  • Investment is the total spending on capital goods by firms

    • Investment helps to increase the capacity (production possibilities) of an economy 

    • Increased capacity = increased potential economic growth

  • Depreciation is the decrease in monetary value of a capital good (asset) over time

    • Replacing old capital goods does not necessarily increase capacity

      • It can, if the replacement technology means an increase in capacity is possible

  • A distinction can be drawn between gross and net investment

    • Gross investment is the total amount of spending on capital goods

      • This spending includes replacing old capital goods and purchasing new capital goods

    • Net investment is the gross investment - depreciation

      • This metric provides information on the addition of new capital goods to an economy

      • It gives a better indication of the extra production possibilities that have been created through investment by firms

Influences on Investment

  • Investment by firms is influenced by multiple factors in an economy

  • Firms will choose to invest if they feel confident that they will make a good return on their investment

    • The decision to invest is linked to the business objective of profit maximisation

A Table That Shows Four Key Influences on the Decision by Firms To Invest

Rate of economic growth

Interest rates

Demand for exports

Influence of government and regulations

  • Increasing growth sends a signal that higher output will generate higher profits

  • The faster the economic growth, the greater the urgency to invest

  • Most investment by firms is financed through business loans

  • Decreasing interest rates encourage investment

  • There is a mostly inverse relationship between investment and interest rates

  • If demand for exports increases, firms will likely invest to meet the global demand

  • Demand for exports can increase if the exchange rate depreciates

  • Goods/services now seem cheaper to foreigners

  • Government intervention can increase investment e.g. subsidies

  • Government regulation can decrease investment (it raises costs of production for firms and can lower profits)

Other Influences on Investment

  • In addition to the points above, the following three influences also influence investment decisions by firms:

  1. Business expectations and confidence: the longer a period of economic growth, the higher the business confidence will be. If growth slows, future expectations of profits will decrease, and investment decisions will become harder

  2. Keynes and animal spirits: John Maynard Keynes believed firms exhibit too much optimism in the good times and take too many risks. They run with the mood of the economy and make less rational investment decisions as they follow the herd

  3. Access to credit: The easier the access to loanable funds, the higher the levels of investment. Some developing economies have low access to credit and this holds back investment

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Steve Vorster

Author: Steve Vorster

Expertise: Economics & Business Subject Lead

Steve has taught A Level, GCSE, IGCSE Business and Economics - as well as IBDP Economics and Business Management. He is an IBDP Examiner and IGCSE textbook author. His students regularly achieve 90-100% in their final exams. Steve has been the Assistant Head of Sixth Form for a school in Devon, and Head of Economics at the world's largest International school in Singapore. He loves to create resources which speed up student learning and are easily accessible by all.

Jenna Quinn

Author: Jenna Quinn

Expertise: Head of New Subjects

Jenna studied at Cardiff University before training to become a science teacher at the University of Bath specialising in Biology (although she loves teaching all three sciences at GCSE level!). Teaching is her passion, and with 10 years experience teaching across a wide range of specifications – from GCSE and A Level Biology in the UK to IGCSE and IB Biology internationally – she knows what is required to pass those Biology exams.