Types of Operating System (OCR A Level Computer Science)
Revision Note
Written by: Callum Davies
Reviewed by: James Woodhouse
Types of Operating System
What is an OS?
An operating system (OS) is a fundamental software that manages the computer hardware, provides common services for computer programs, and acts as an interface between users and the machine
There are several different types of operating systems, each with unique characteristics and purposes
Understanding these types is essential for both developing and using computer systems
List of operating system types
Type | Description |
|---|---|
Distributed Operating Systems | Run on multiple machines appearing as a single unit, used for efficient task distribution and load balancing |
Embedded Operating Systems | Designed for specific tasks, is the system running inside a device that is not primarily a computer system, e.g. microwave, dishwasher, washing machine |
Multi-tasking Operating Systems | Allows multiple tasks to run concurrently on a single processor, manages system resources and allocates CPU time to different processes |
Multi-user Operating Systems | Supports multiple users accessing computer resources concurrently, efficiently manages resource allocation, and provides features for data security and user privacy |
Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS) | Designed for immediate data processing, and can ensure tasks are processed in specific timeframes, highly efficient |
Examples of each type
Type | Example |
|---|---|
Distributed Operating Systems | Hadoop is an open-source OS designed to process big data using multiple nodes in a distributed network. |
Embedded Operating Systems | IoT devices and many household devices contain embedded OS. These devices don’t typically run a well-known OS. They run a proprietary OS that has a simple set of functions. |
Multi-Tasking Operating Systems | Windows, MacOS, and Linux are multi-tasking OS that can run multiple applications simultaneously. |
Multi-User Operating Systems | Windows, MacOS, and Linux are multi-user OSs where multiple users can log in and run independent processes. |
Real-Time Operating Systems | Real-time OS are used in industries like aerospace and automotive where low latency is critical to safety. |
Worked Example
A taxi firm is investigating replacing its drivers with self-driving cars.
Explain why the self-driving system will use a real-time operating system.
[3]
How to answer this question:
Be able to state the purpose of an operating system and recall the advantages of a real-time operating system
Link the advantage to the scenario in the question
Answer:
Example answer that gets full marks:
A self-driving car system must process data in real-time from input sensors such as radar cameras. Data needs to be processed instantly so that the vehicle can operate safely. A vehicle that cannot process data quickly will be an unreliable danger to people. Faster processing of input data will lead to safer operation of the vehicle. A real-time system will replicate hazard perception, navigation, and vehicle control that humans can instinctively do.
Acceptable answers you could have given instead:
An operating system needs to process tasks quickly. A real-time operating system needs to process them instantly. A real-time operating system should be used in a self-driving car so that it can react to hazards quickly.
Worked Example
A company releases an in-home virtual assistant called ‘Bertie Butler’. When placed in a room, the device listens out for the phrase “Hey Bertie”. When someone says that phrase, it listens to the following question and tries to give a relevant answer.
The Bertie Butler device runs off an embedded operating system.
Define the term ‘embedded operating system’.
[2]
How to answer this question:
Recall the features of an embedded system
Use the scenario to include examples in your answer
Answer:
Example answer that gets full marks:
Embedded systems are those running inside everyday items that are not primarily computers. Embedded systems usually have a simple set of features that they perform efficiently. Some other embedded systems, such as microwaves, have much simpler features and functions.
Acceptable answers you could have given instead:
An embedded system runs in most household devices that require some processing e.g. microwaves, dishwashers, electric toothbrushes
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