Optical Isomerism (OCR A Level Chemistry)

Exam Questions

2 hours29 questions
1a2 marks

This question is about isomerism.

Name the two types of stereoisomers.

1b1 mark

State the meaning of a chiral centre.

1c1 mark

The structure of 2-chloro-2-fluorobutane is shown in Figure 1.

 
Figure 1
 
2-chloro-2-fluorobutane
 

Draw the structure of the other enantiomer.

1d1 mark

The physical and chemical properties of optical isomers are identical 

State one difference in the properties of optical isomers.

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2a1 mark

This question is about the chirality of different organic compounds.

Name the organic compound from the skeletal structure shown in Figure 1.

 
Figure 1
 
3-chloro-24-dimethylhexane

2b2 marks

Identify the two chiral centres in Figure 1.

2c1 mark

The carbon labelled a in Figure 2 cannot be a chiral centre. Explain why.

 
Figure 2
 
3-chloro-24-dimethylhexane-labelled-a
 
2d2 marks

Figure 3 identifies a different carbon, b, in the organic compounds structure.

 
Figure 3
 
3-chloro-24-dimethylhexane-labelled-b
 

Complete Figure 4 to show the 3D representations of the optical isomers formed at carbon b.

 
Figure 4
 
3-chloro-24-dimethylhexane-incomplete-isomers
 

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3a1 mark

Carvone is a chemical that is commonly found in plants such as caraway and spearmint. Carvone, shown in Figure 1, is an optically active molecule.

Figure 1

carvone

Mark on the diagram using an ‘x’ the chiral centre which causes this structure to exhibit optical isomerism.

3b2 marks

Explain why no other carbons in carvone can be a chiral centre.

3c1 mark

Draw the structure of the other optical isomer formed by carvone shown in Figure 1

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4a3 marks

This question is about isomerism in different acids.

Hydroxypropanoic acid has two position isomers. 

i)
Draw and name the two position isomers of hydroxypropanoic acid.
 
ii)
Identify which isomer is optically active.
4b1 mark

There are 20 amino acids used, by the cells in a human body, for protein synthesis. There is only one amino acid that is not optically active.

Three amino acids are shown in Figure 1.

 
Figure 1
 
gly-cys-asp
 

Identify the amino acid that is not optically active.

4c2 marks

Serine, shown in Figure 2, exhibits optical activity.

 
Figure 2
 
serine
 

Draw 3D representations of the two isomers to show the relationship between them.

4d2 marks

Draw 3D representations of the two isomers of alanine, NH2CHCH3COOH, to show the relationship between them.

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1a8 marks

Two isomers of C3H6O are shown below.

propanal-and-propanone-displayed

i)

Give the IUPAC names of Compounds A and B.

ii)

Name and outline the mechanism for the reaction of compound A with HCN.

iii)
Name the product formed from this reaction.
1b3 marks

Name the product of the reaction between compound B and HCN and explain why this compound is optically inactive.

1c3 marks

Explain why the reaction of compound A and HCN can produce a racemic mixture.

1d2 marks

Explain why the racemic mixture produced from the reaction of propanal and HCN has no effect on plane polarised light.

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2a1 mark

The structure of pentanal is shown below.

pentanal-displayed

Draw the structure of a branched isomer of pentanal that exhibits optical isomerism.

2b1 mark

Draw the structure of a branched isomer of pentanal that does not exhibit optical isomerism.

2c3 marks

Some skeletal examples of unbranched aldehydes and unbranched ketones are shown below.

aldehydes-and-ketones-skeletal

In terms of optical isomer products, compare the reactions of unbranched aldehydes and unbranched ketones with HCN.

2d3 marks

One of the ketones, shown in part (c), will form an optical isomer when it reacts with HCN.

i)

Identify the ketone that will form an optical isomer with HCN and name the product.

ii)

Draw 3D representations of the two optical isomers produced.

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3a1 mark

Lactic acid can be synthesised from ethanal. The first step of this synthesis is the reaction with HCN. The mechanism for this reaction is shown below.

cn--nucleophilic-addition-to-ethanal

State the role of the CN in this reaction.

3b1 mark

Lactic acid is an optically active organic acid with the molecular formula CH3CH(OH)COOH. 

Draw the displayed formula of lactic acid.

3c4 marks

Lactic acid exists as stereoisomers. 

i)

Explain the meaning of the term stereoisomerism.

ii)
Explain how you can distinguish between the isomers.
3d1 mark

Lactic acid can undergo condensation polymerisation to form polylactic acid as shown below.

polylactic-acid

Label the chiral carbons in the polylactic acid molecule with an ‘x’.

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4a2 marks

Erythrulose is a carbohydrate, which is shown below. It is used in combination with dihydroxyacetone (DHA) in many self-tanning products because of its natural ability to dye the skin. The sugar reacts with the amino acids of the keratin found in the dead skin cells of the upper layer of the skin.

erythrulose-identify-chiral-centre

Identify which carbon in this molecule is chiral. Justify your answer.

4b3 marks

Dihydroxyacetone has the molecular formula C3H6O3.

i)

Draw the two isomers of dihydroxyacetone which contain the carbonyl group.

ii)

Name the type of isomerism exhibited by these isomers.

4c1 mark

A student incorrectly states that 1,1-dihydroxypropanone exhibits optical isomerism because the central carbon atom has different groups attached.

Explain the student’s error.

4d2 marks

The  keratin found in the dead skin cells of the upper layer of the skin are rich in the amino acid cysteine, shown below.

cysteine-skeletal

Draw 3D representations of the two optical isomers of cysteine.

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5a1 mark

The full displayed formula of threonine is shown.

threonine-displayed

State the systematic name of threonine.

5b2 marks

Threonine contains two chiral centres.

Draw 3D representations of the pair of enantiomers from one of the chiral centres showing how the two structures are related to each other.

5c1 mark

State the bond angle around a chiral carbon.

5d1 mark

State the relationship between two chiral compounds with the same structural formula.

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1a6 marks

This question is about cholesterol, which is a fatty chemical that is used by the body to build healthy cells.

cholesterol
 

State two chemical tests that could be used to identify the functional groups of cholesterol. Your answer should include observations and diagrams of the product for each test.

1b1 mark

State the number of chiral carbons in the cholesterol structure.

1c2 marks

There are a large number of naturally occurring biological molecules that contain chiral carbons. These biological molecules are often produced as enantiomerically pure compounds in living organisms. All amino acids, except glycine, are a good example of this.

Suggest why amino acids are able to be produced as enantiomerically pure compounds in living organisms.

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2a2 marks

This question is about the chemistry of limonene.

limonene

Limonene is commonly found in the rinds of citrus fruits such as grapefruit, lemon, lime and oranges. It is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon with the molecular formula C10H16.

Limonene exists as a pair of enantiomers:

  • One enantiomer is responsible for a strong orange smell
  • The other enantiomer is responsible for a lemon smell.

Draw 3D representations of the two enantiomers of limonene.

2b3 marks

Suggest why receptors in the human nose can distinguish between the orange and lemon enantiomers of limonene.

2c
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4 marks

Limonene can undergo full hydrogenation to form menthane as shown.

 
limonene-hydrogenation
 

For the complete hydrogenation of an impure sample of 3.00 g of limonene at room temperature and pressure, 870 cm3 of hydrogen was required. 

Calculate the percentage purity of limonene.

(1 mol of hydrogen occupies 24.0 dm3 at room temperature and pressure)

2d2 marks

The final step of the multi-step synthetic conversion of limonene to menthol is shown.

 
 menthol-synthesis-from-limonene

State the reagent for this reaction and the type of reaction.

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3a1 mark

Lactic acid is an organic acid with the molecular formula C3H6O3.

The oxidation product of lactic acid reacts with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine but does not react with Tollens' reagent.

 Draw the displayed formula of lactic acid.

3b4 marks

Illustrate the different types of isomerism shown by lactic acid. Your answer should not consider ethers.

3c2 marks

The general structure of polylactic acid is shown below.

 
polylactic-acid
 

Draw two possible structures that can be formed from two repeating units.  

Your answer should keep the main polymer chain in the same plane but show the 3D representation of the chiral carbons.

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4a3 marks

This question is about aldehydes.

Draw the displayed formula and 3D representations of the smallest aldehyde that can form optical isomers.

4b2 marks
i)
Draw the displayed formula of the oxidation product of the aldehyde identified in part (a).
[1]
 
ii)
State a suitable reagent, including observations, for the oxidation of the aldehyde identified in part (a). 
[1]
4c2 marks
i)
Write a balanced symbol equation, using structural formulae, to show the reduction of the aldehyde identified in part (a). You should use [H] to show the reducing agent.
 [1]
ii)
State a suitable reducing agent.
 
[1]
4d1 mark

Name the organic compound formed by the reaction of the oxidation product in part (b) and the reduction product in part (c).

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5a4 marks

This question is about chemical reactions and their effects on chirality.

Aldehydes and ketones always react with HCN to form optical isomers. 

Discuss this statement, using the general formulae RCHO and R’COR’’. 

 Your answer should include equations where appropriate.

5b3 marks

Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) solution was heated under reflux with the following β-hydroxyaldehyde.

 
b-hydroxyaldehyde
 

Explain the change in chirality, if any, between the β-hydroxyaldehyde and its organic product.

5c3 marks

Explain the change in chirality, if any, when pent-1-en-3-ol is hydrogenated.

5d3 marks

Other isomers of pent-1-en-3-ol, C5H10O, exist. 

i)
Draw the displayed formula of the secondary alcohol isomer of pent-1-en-3-ol that exhibits both stereoisomerism and optical isomerism and identify the chiral centre.
 
[2]
 
ii)
Give the IUPAC name for this isomer.
 
[1]

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