Carbon-13 NMR (OCR A Level Chemistry)

• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is used for analysing organic compounds
• Atoms with odd mass numbers usually show signals on NMR
  • For example, isotopes of atoms
  • Many of the carbon atoms on organic molecules are carbon-12
  • A small quantity of organic molecules will contain the isotope carbon-13 atoms
  • These will show signals on a ¹³C NMR

• In ¹³C NMR, the magnetic field strengths of carbon-13 atoms in organic compounds are measured and recorded on a spectrum
• Just as in ¹H NMR, all samples are measured against a reference compound – Tetramethylsilane (TMS)
• On a ¹³C NMR spectrum, non-equivalent carbon atoms appear as peaks with different chemical shifts

Chemical shift values (relative to the TMS) for ¹³C NMR analysis table

Bond	Groups	Chemical shift range, δ / ppm
C–C	alkyl	0 - 50
C–Cl or C–Br	haloalkanes	20 - 50
C–N	amines	30 - 70
C–O	alcohols, ethers or esters	50 - 90
C=C	aryl C=C	110 - 160
C=O	aldehydes, ketones, esters or carboxylic acids	160 - 220

Features of a ¹³C NMR spectrum

• ¹³C NMR spectrum displays sharp single signals
  • There are no complicated splitting patterns like ¹H NMR spectra

• The height of each signal is not proportional to the number of carbon atoms present in a single molecular environment
• Carbon atoms in different chemical environments will give resonances at different chemical shifts in a ¹³C spectrum
• As with ¹H NMR, tetramethylsilane is used as the standard reference point for ¹³C at 0 ppm

Identifying ¹³C molecular environments

• On an organic molecule, the carbon-13 environments can be identified in a similar way to the proton environments in ¹H NMR
• For example propanone
  • There are 2 molecular environments
  • 2 signals will be present on its ¹³C NMR spectrum

There are 2 molecular environments in propanone

 

The ¹³C NMR of propanone showing 2 signals for the 2 molecular environments

Answer:

4 chemical environments and therefore four peaks / resonances on the spectra