Properties of Alcohols
Intermolecular Forces
- Alcohols are compounds that contain at least one hydroxy (-OH) group
- The general formula of alcohols is CnH2n+1OH
- Alcohols can be prepared by a wide range of chemical reactions
Hydrogen bonding
- Hydrogen bonding occurs between molecules where you have a hydrogen atom attached to one of the very electronegative elements - fluorine, oxygen or nitrogen
- In an alcohol, there are O-H bonds present in the structure
- Therefore hydrogen bonds set up between the slightly positive hydrogen atoms (δ+ H) and lone pairs on oxygens in other molecules
- The hydrogen atoms are slightly positive because the bonding electrons are pulled away from them towards the very electronegative oxygen atoms
- In alkanes, the only intermolecular forces are temporary induced dipole-dipole forces
- Hydrogen bonds are much stronger than these and therefore it takes more energy to separate alcohol molecules than it does to separate alkane molecules
- Therefore, the boiling point of alkanes is lower than the boiling point of the respective alcohols
- For example, the boiling point of propane is -42 oC and the boiling point of propanol is 97 oC
Temporary induced dipole-dipole forces
- As with all molecules, there are also temporary induced dipole-dipole forces between alcohols
- The boiling points increase as the number of carbon atoms in the chains increases. It takes more energy to overcome the temporary induced dipole-dipole forces and so the boiling points rise
- This is because the dipole is caused by the changing position of the electron cloud, so the more electrons there are, the larger the temporary induced dipole-dipole forces will be
Solubility
- The small alcohols are completely soluble in water
- If they are mixed with water, there will be one solution
- However, solubility falls as the length of the hydrocarbon chain in the alcohol increases
- The hydrocarbon chains are forcing their way between water molecules and so breaking hydrogen bonds between those water molecules
- The -OH end of the alcohol molecules can form new hydrogen bonds with water molecules, but the hydrocarbon can not form hydrogen bonds