Bonding in Alkenes
- Each carbon atom has four electrons in its outer shell (electronic configuration: 1s22s22p2)
- Carbon atoms share these four electrons in four covalent bonds with other atoms to achieve a full outer shell configuration
- These electrons are found in orbitals within the respective atoms
- When forming a covalent bond, the orbitals overlap in such a way to form two types of bonds
- Sigma bonds (σ)
- Pi bonds (π)
- When carbon atoms use only three of their electron pairs to form a σ bond, each carbon atom will have a p orbital which contains one spare electron
- When the p orbitals of two carbon atoms overlap with each other, a π bond is formed (the π bond contains two electrons)
- The two orbitals that form the π bond lie above and below the plane of the two carbon atoms to maximise bond overlap
Each carbon atom in ethene forms two sigma bonds with hydrogen atoms and one σ bond with another carbon atom. The fourth electron is used to form a π bond between the two carbon atoms
Examiner Tip
A double bond is a combination of a σ and π bond and a triple bond is a combination of one σ and two π bonds.
The strength of the bonds increases as follows: single < double < triple bond
This is due to the increased electron density around the carbon-carbon bond, making the bond stronger and more difficult to break.
You must be able to draw and explain these diagrams for the exam.