Introduction to Alkenes (OCR A Level Chemistry)

Revision Note

Test yourself
Richard

Author

Richard

Last updated

Bonding in Alkenes

  • Each carbon atom has four electrons in its outer shell (electronic configuration: 1s22s22p2)
  • Carbon atoms share these four electrons in four covalent bonds with other atoms to achieve a full outer shell configuration
  • These electrons are found in orbitals within the respective atoms
  • When forming a covalent bond, the orbitals overlap in such a way to form two types of bonds
    • Sigma bonds (σ)
    • Pi bonds (π)

  • When carbon atoms use only three of their electron pairs to form a σ bond, each carbon atom will have a p orbital which contains one spare electron
  • When the p orbitals of two carbon atoms overlap with each other, a π bond is formed (the π bond contains two electrons)
  • The two orbitals that form the π bond lie above and below the plane of the two carbon atoms to maximise bond overlap

Chemical Bonding Electron Density in Ethene, downloadable AS & A Level Chemistry revision notes

Each carbon atom in ethene forms two sigma bonds with hydrogen atoms and one σ bond with another carbon atom. The fourth electron is used to form a π bond between the two carbon atoms

Examiner Tip

A double bond is a combination of a σ and π bond and a triple bond is a combination of one σ and two π bonds.

The strength of the bonds increases as follows: single < double < triple bond

This is due to the increased electron density around the carbon-carbon bond, making the bond stronger and more difficult to break.

You must be able to draw and explain these diagrams for the exam.

Shape of Alkenes

  • The carbon of an alkene double bond has three σ bonding pairs of electrons
    • Two pairs forming σ bonds with other atoms
    • One pair forming σ bonds with the other carbon atom of the double bond
  • The three bonding pair of electrons are in the plane of the molecule and repel each other
  • This means that the molecule adopts a planar arrangement with bond angles of 120o 
  • The fourth π bonding pair forms the double bond in combination with the carbon-carbon σ bond 

Ethene

    • Each carbon atom uses three of its four electrons to form σ bonds
    • Two σ bonds are formed with the hydrogen atoms
    • One σ bond is formed with the other carbon atom
    • The fourth electron from each carbon atom occupies a p orbital which overlaps sideways with another p orbital on the other carbon atom to form a π bond
    • This means that the C-C is a double bond: one σ and one π bond

An Introduction to AS Level Organic Chemistry Sp2 Hybridisation, downloadable AS & A Level Chemistry revision notes

The overlap of the two p orbitals results in the formation of a π bond in ethene in which the bonding pair of electrons repel each other to force the molecule into a planar configuration with bond angles of 120 o

You've read 0 of your 10 free revision notes

Unlock more, it's free!

Join the 100,000+ Students that ❤️ Save My Exams

the (exam) results speak for themselves:

Did this page help you?

Richard

Author: Richard

Expertise: Chemistry

Richard has taught Chemistry for over 15 years as well as working as a science tutor, examiner, content creator and author. He wasn’t the greatest at exams and only discovered how to revise in his final year at university. That knowledge made him want to help students learn how to revise, challenge them to think about what they actually know and hopefully succeed; so here he is, happily, at SME.