Transition Metal Complexes | Edexcel A Level Chemistry Revision Notes 2017

Core Practical 12: Preparing a Transition Metal Complex

Method

Weigh between 1.4 g and 1.6 g of copper(II) sulfate.
- To do this you should weigh a test tube and record its mass.
- Then add the copper(II) sulfate to the test tube, reweigh and record the mass.
- The mass of the copper(II) sulfate is the difference between the two masses.
Add 4 cm³ of water to the test tube using a graduated pipette.
Prepare a water bath using hot water from a kettle in a 100 cm³ beaker and stand the test tube in the water bath.
Stir gently to dissolve the copper(II) sulfate.
Remove the test tube containing copper(II) sulfate solution from the water bath.
Perform this step in the fume cupboard wearing gloves. Add, while stirring, 2 cm³ of concentrated ammonia solution to the copper(II) sulfate solution.
Pour the contents of the test tube into 6 cm³ of ethanol that has been pipetted into a beaker – mix well and then cool the mixture in an ice bath.
Using a Bϋchner funnel and flask, filter the crystals. Wash your test tube with cold ethanol and add the washings to the Bϋchner funnel. Finally, rinse the crystals with cold ethanol.
Carefully scrape the crystals off the filter paper onto a fresh piece of filter paper. Cover the crystals with a second piece of filter paper, Carefully pat the paper to dry the crystals. Note that to get the crystals completely dry, you may need to repeatedly move the crystals to dry parts of the filter paper.
Once dry, measure and record the mass of crystals

bucher-funnel

Buchner filtration set-up to filter crystals

Worked example

A student measures a yield of 1.2 g of Cu(NH₃)SO₄·H₂O after carrying out the method mentioned above

Write an equation for this reaction
Calculate the relative formula masses of CuSO₄·5H₂O and Cu(NH₃)SO₄·H₂O
Calculate the number of moles of copper(II) sulfate used in the reaction
Use your answer to calculate the theoretical yield of tetraaminecopper(II) sulfate-1-water your reaction should have produced
Calculate the percentage yield obtained in this reaction
Comment on your percentage yield. Explain any loss or gain in mass compared with the theoretical yield

Answers

1. CuSO₄ + 4NH₃ → Cu(NH₃)₄SO₄•H₂O +4H₂O

Remember that as we have dissolved the copper sulfate in solution this is actually hydrated copper(II) sulfate CuSO₄•5H₂O = 249.5

2. CuSO₄•5H₂O = 249.5
Cu(NH₃)₄SO₄•H₂O = 245.5

3. 0.00601 moles (based on 1.5 g of CuSO₄•5H₂O)

$moles = \frac{1.5}{249.5} = 0.00601 mol$

4. Theoretical yield of Cu(NH₃)₄SO₄•H₂O = 1.48 g

As there is a molar ratio of 1:1 we know we will have 0.00481 moles of Cu(NH₃)₄SO₄•H₂O

The theoretical mass that we would expect to produce can then be calculated

$mass = 0.00601 \times 245.5 = 1.48 g$

5. Percentage yield = $\frac{1.2}{1.48} \times 100 = 81 %$

Safety

Wear a lab coat and use eye protection.
Tie long hair back.
Concentrated ammonia solution is corrosive and dangerous to the environment. It must be kept
in the fume cupboard and handled wearing gloves.
Copper salts are harmful and dangerous to the environment.
Ethanol is flammable and must be kept away from flames.

Errors

Losses could be from the reaction not going to completion and product staying in solution (i.e. not crystallising out)
Gains could be from impure or wet crystals.

Transition Metal Complexes (Edexcel A Level Chemistry)

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1. Physical Chemistry

1.1 Atomic Structure

1.1.1 Structure of the Atom

1.1.2 Isotopes

1.1.3 Relative Mass

1.1.4 Mass Spectrometry

1.2 Ions & Electrons

1.2.1 Ionisation Energy

1.2.2 Quantum Shells

1.2.3 Orbitals

1.2.4 Electronic Configurations

1.3 The Periodic Table

1.3.1 Periodicity

1.4 Bonding

1.4.1 Ionic Bonding Overview

1.4.2 Representing Ionic Bonding

1.4.3 Ionic Trends

1.4.4 Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds

1.4.5 Covalent Bonding Overview

1.4.6 Covalent Dot-and-Cross Diagrams

1.4.7 Bond Length & Bond Strength

1.4.8 Shapes of Covalent Compounds

1.5 Structure

1.5.1 Electronegativity

1.5.2 Intermolecular Forces

1.5.3 Hydrogen Bonding

1.5.4 Intermolecular Forces & Physical Properties

1.5.5 Metallic Bonding

1.5.6 Giant Lattices

1.5.7 Covalent Structures

1.5.8 Predicting Structures

1.6 Formulae, Equations & Avogadro

1.6.1 Empirical & Molecular Formulae

1.6.2 Balanced Equations

1.6.3 Applying Equations

1.6.4 The Mole & the Avogadro Constant

1.6.5 Amount of Substance Calculations

1.7 Reaction Calculations

1.7.1 Reacting Volume Calculations

1.7.2 Titrations

1.7.3 Error & Uncertainty

1.7.4 Yield & Atom Economy

1.8 Energetics I

1.8.1 Enthalpy Changes

1.8.2 Enthalpy Level Diagrams

1.8.3 Calorimetry

1.8.4 Hess Cycles

1.8.5 Bond Enthalpy

1.9 Kinetics I

1.9.1 Collision Theory & Rates

1.9.2 Calculating Rates of Reaction

1.9.3 Maxwell-Boltzmann Distributions

1.9.4 Catalysts in Industry

1.10 Equilibrium I

1.10.1 Dynamic Equilibrium

1.10.2 Le Chatelier's Principle

1.10.3 The Rate & Yield Compromise

1.10.4 Deducing Kc Expressions

2. Inorganic Chemistry

2.1 Redox I

2.1.1 Oxidation Number

2.1.2 Types of Reduction & Oxidation

2.1.3 Redox & Disproportionation

2.1.4 Ionic Equations

2.2 Groups 1 & 2

2.2.1 Explaining Group 2 Trends

2.2.2 Reactions of Group 2

2.2.3 Group 2 Hydroxides & Sulfates

2.2.4 Group 1 & 2 Carbonates & Nitrates

2.2.5 Flame Tests

2.3 Group 7

2.3.1 Group 7 Trends