Isotopes (Edexcel A Level Chemistry)

• An atom is neutral and has no overall charge
• Ions on the other hand are formed when atoms either gain or lose electrons, causing them to become charged
• The number of subatomic particles in atoms and ions can be determined given their atomic (proton) number, mass (nucleon) number and charge
  
  

Properties

• Isotopes have similar chemical properties but different physical properties

Chemical properties

• Isotopes of the same element display the same chemical characteristics
• This is because they have the same number of electrons in their outer shells
• Electrons take part in chemical reactions and therefore determine the chemistry of an atom

Physical properties

• The only difference between isotopes is the number of neutrons
• Since these are neutral subatomic particles, they only add mass to the atom
• As a result of this, isotopes have different physical properties such as small differences in their mass, density, melting point and boiling point 
  • For example samples of uranium hexafluoride gas, UF₆, can undergo uranium enrichment by using a gas centrifuge cylinder
  • This is because nuclear reactors require higher amounts of the lighter U²³⁵ isotope 
  • UF₆ gas is placed in a gas centrifuge cylinder and rotated at a high speed
  • This rotation creates a strong centrifugal force so that the heavier gas molecules (UF₆ containing the heavier U²³⁸ isotope) move towards the outside of the cylinder
  • The lighter gas molecules (containing the U²³⁵ isotope) collect closer to the centre

Protons

• The atomic number of an atom and ion determines which element it is
• Therefore, all atoms and ions of the same element have the same number of protons (atomic number) in the nucleus
  • E.g. lithium has an atomic number of 3 (three protons) whereas beryllium has atomic number of 4 (4 protons)

• The number of protons equals the atomic (proton) number
• The number of protons of an unknown element can be calculated by using its mass number and number of neutrons:

Mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons

Number of protons = mass number - number of neutrons

Answers

Answer 1: The atomic number of a magnesium atom is 12 indicating that the number of protons in the magnesium    element is 12

• • Therefore the number of protons in a Mg²⁺ ion is also 12 

Answer 2: The atomic number of a carbon atom is 6 indicating that a carbon atom has 6 protons in its nucleus

Answer 3: Use the formula to calculate the number of protons

Number of protons = mass number - number of neutrons

Number of protons = 63 - 34

Number of protons = 29

• • Element X is therefore copper

Electrons

• An atom is neutral and therefore has the same number of protons and electrons
• Ions have a different number of electrons to their atomic number depending on their charge
  • A positively charged ion has lost electrons and therefore has fewer electrons than protons
  • A negatively charged ion has gained electrons and therefore has more electrons than protons

Answers

Answer 1: The atomic number of a magnesium atom is 12 suggesting that the number of protons in the neutral magnesium atom is 12

• • However, the 2+ charge in Mg²⁺ ion suggests it has lost two electrons
  • It only has 10 electrons left now

Answer 2: The atomic number of a carbon atom is 6 suggesting that the neutral carbon atom has 6 electrons orbiting    around the nucleus

Answer 3: The number of protons of element X can be calculated by:

Number of protons = mass number - number of neutrons

Number of protons = 63 - 34

Number of protons = 29

• • The neutral atom of element X  therefore also has 29 electrons

Neutrons

• The mass and atomic numbers can be used to find the number of neutrons in ions and atoms:

Number of neutrons = mass number (A) - number of protons (Z)

Answers

Answer 1: The atomic number of a magnesium atom is 12 and its mass number is 24

Number of neutrons = mass number (A) - number of protons (Z)

Number of neutrons = 24 - 12

Number of neutrons = 12

• • The Mg²⁺ ion has 12 neutrons in its nucleus

Answer 2: The atomic number of a carbon atom is 6 and its mass number is 12

Number of neutrons = mass number (A) - number of protons (Z)

Number of neutrons = 12 - 6

Number of neutrons = 6

• • The carbon atom has 6 neutrons in its nucleus

Answer 3: The atomic number of an element X atom is 29 and its mass number is 63

Number of neutrons = mass number (A) - number of protons (Z)

Number of neutrons = 63 - 29

Number of neutrons = 34

• • The neutral atom of element X has 34 neutrons in its nucleus

• The symbol for an isotope is the chemical symbol (or word) followed by a dash and then the mass number
  • E.g. carbon-12 and carbon-14 are isotopes of carbon containing 6 and 8 neutrons respectively

• Isotopes are atoms of the same element that contain the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons
  • For example, three isotopes of hydrogen are protium, deuterium and tritium

The atomic structure and symbols of the three isotopes of hydrogen