1. Atomic Structure

1.1 Particles in the Atom & Atomic Radius

Atomic Structure & Subatomic Particles

Determining Subatomic Structure

Variations in Atomic & Ionic Radius

1.2 Isotopes

Isotopes

1.3 Electrons, Energy Levels & Atomic Orbitals

Electronic Structure

Sub-shells & Orbitals

Electronic Configuration

Determining Electronic Configuration

1.4 Ionisation Energy

Defining Ionisation Energy

Ionisation Energy Trends

Ionisation Energy & Electronic Configuration

2. Atoms, Molecules & Stoichiometry

2.1 Relative Masses of Atoms & Molecules

Relative Masses

2.2 The Mole & the Avogadro Constant

The Mole & the Avogadro Constant

2.3 Formulas

Formulae

Balancing Equations

Empirical & Molecular Formulae

Water of Crystallisation

2.4 Reacting Masses & Volumes (of Solutions & Gases)

Reacting Masses & Volumes

3. Chemical Bonding

3.1 Electronegativity & Bonding

Electronegativity

Trends in Electronegativity

Electronegativity & Bonding

3.2 Ionic Bonding

Ionic Bonding

Ionic Bonding Examples

3.3 Metallic Bonding

Metallic Bonding

3.4 Covalent Bonding & Coordinate (Dative Covalent) Bonding

Covalent Bonding

Coordinate Bonding

Hybridisation

Bond Energy & Length

3.5 Shapes of Molecules

Shapes of Molecules

3.6 Intermolecular Forces, Electronegativity & Bond Properties

Hydrogen Bonding

Bond Polarity & Dipole Moments

Van der Waals' Forces

Inter & Intramolecular Forces

3.7 Dot-&-Cross Diagrams

Dot-&-Cross Diagrams

4. States of Matter

4.1 The Gaseous State: Ideal & Real Gases & pV = nRT

Gas Pressure

Ideal Gases

4.2 Bonding & Structure

Lattice Structures

Bonding & Structure

5. Chemical Energetics

5.1 Enthalpy Change, ΔH

Enthalpy Change, ΔH

Reaction Pathway Diagrams

Standard Enthalpy Change

Enthalpy & Bond Energies

5.2 Hess’s Law

Hess’s Law

6. Electrochemistry

6.1 Redox Processes: Electron Transfer & Changes in Oxidation Number (Oxidation State)

Oxidation Number Rules

Redox Reactions

Oxidising & Reducing Agents

7. Equilibria

7.1 Chemical Equilibria: Reversible Reactions & Dynamic Equilibrium

Chemical Equilibria

Le Chatelier's Principle

Equilibrium Constants, Kc & Kp

Equilibrium Constant Calculations

Changes Affecting the Equilibrium Constant

Equilibria in Industrial Processes

7.2 Brønsted–Lowry Theory of Acids & Bases

Acids & Bases

Brønsted–Lowry Theory

Acid & Base Dissociation

pH Scale

Strength of Acids & Bases

pH Titration Curves

Indicators used in Titration

8. Reaction Kinetics

8.1 Rate of Reaction

Rate of Reaction & Collision Theory

Rate of Reaction Calculations

8.2 Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates & the Concept of Activation Energy

Activation Energy & Boltzmann Distribution Curves

8.3 Homogeneous & Heterogeneous Catalysts

Types of Catalyst

9. The Periodic Table: Chemical Periodicity

9.1 Periodicity of Physical Properties of the Elements in Period 3

Physical Properties of the Period 3 Elements

Structure & Bonding of the Period 3 Elements

9.2 Periodicity of Chemical Properties of the Elements in Period 3

Reactions of the Period 3 Elements

Acid/Base Behaviour of the Period 3 Oxides & Hydroxides

Period 3 Chlorides

Electronegativity & Bonding of the Period 3 Elements

Period 3 Chlorides & Oxides

9.3 Chemical Periodicity of Other Elements

Chemical Periodicity of Other Elements

10. Group 2

10.1 Similarities & Trends in the Properties of the Group 2 Metals, Magnesium to Barium, & Their Compounds

Reactions of Group 2 Elements

Reactions of Group 2 Oxides, Hydroxides & Carbonates

Thermal Decomposition of Group 2 Nitrates & Carbonates

Physical & Chemical Trends in Group 2

Trends in Solubility of Group 2 Hydroxides & Sulfates

11. Group 17

11.1 Physical Properties of the Group 17 Elements

Physical Properties of the Group 17 Elements

11.2 The Chemical Properties of the Halogen Elements & the Hydrogen Halides

Chemical Properties of the Halogens & Hydrogen Halides

11.3 Some Reactions of the Halide Ions

Reactions of the Halide Ions

11.4 The Reactions of Chlorine

The Reactions of Chlorine

12. Nitrogen & Sulfur

12.1 Nitrogen & Sulfur

Nitrogen & its Compounds

Nitrogen Oxides

13. An Introduction to AS Level Organic Chemistry

13.1 Formulas, Functional Groups & the Naming of Organic Compounds

Hydrocarbons & Alkanes

Functional Groups & their Formulae

Naming of Organic Compounds

Molecular & Empirical Formulae

13.2 Characteristic Organic Reactions

Characteristic Organic Reactions

Terminology Used in Reaction Mechanisms

13.3 Shapes of Organic Molecules; σ & π Bonds

Shapes of Organic Molecules; σ & π Bonds

Hybridisation in Organic Molecules

Planarity of Organic Molecules

13.4 Isomerism: Structural Isomerism & Stereoisomerism

Structural Isomerism

Stereoisomerism

Chirality

Isomers of Organic Compounds

14. Hydrocarbons

14.1 Alkanes

Producing Alkanes

Combustion & Free Radical Substitution of Alkanes

Free Radical Substitution

Cracking of Alkanes

Chemical Reactivity of Alkanes

Combustion of Alkanes

14.2 Alkenes

Producing Alkenes

Reactions of Alkenes

Test for Unsaturation

Electrophilic Addition of Alkenes

Markovnikov's Rule

15. Halogen Compounds

15.1 Halogenoalkanes

Producing Halogenoalkanes

Substitution Reactions of Halogenoalkanes

Elimination Reactions of Halogenoalkanes

SN1 & SN2

Reactivity of Halogenoalkanes

16. Hydroxy Compounds

16.1 Alcohols

Producing Alcohols

Reactions of Alcohols

Classifying & Testing for Alcohols

Acidity of Alcohols

17. Carbonyl Compounds

17.1 Aldehydes & Ketones

Producing Aldehydes & Ketones

Reactions of Aldehydes & Ketones

Reactions of Aldehydes & Ketones with HCN

Testing for Carbonyl Compounds

Iodoform Reaction

18. Carboxylic Acids & Derivatives

18.1 Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylic Acids

18.2 Esters

Esters

19. Nitrogen Compounds

19.1 Primary Amines

Making Amines

19.2 Nitriles & Hydroxynitriles

Nitriles & Hydroxynitriles

20. Polymerisation

20.1 Addition Polymerisation

Addition Polymerisation

Disposal of Polymers

21. Organic Synthesis

21.1 Organic Synthesis

Organic Synthesis

Multi-Step Synthesis

Synthetic Routes

22. Analytical Techniques

22.1 Infrared Spectroscopy

Infrared Spectroscopy

22.2 Mass Spectrometry

Mass Spectrometry

Isotopic Abundance & Relative Atomic Mass

Molecular Ion Peak & Fragmentation

The M+1 & M+2 Peaks

23. Chemical Energetics (AL)

23.1 Lattice Energy & Born-Haber Cycles

Lattice Energy & Enthalpy Change of Atomisation

Electron Affinity & Trends of Group 16 & 17 Elements

Constructing Born-Haber Cycles

Calculations using Born-Haber Cycles

Factors Affecting Lattice Energy

23.2 Enthalpies of Solution & Hydration

Enthalpies of Solution & Hydration

Constructing Energy Cycles

Energy Cycle Calculations

Factors Affecting Enthalpy of Hydration

23.3 Entropy Change, ΔS

Entropy & Entropy Change

Calculating Entropy Changes

23.4 Gibbs Free Energy Change, ΔG

Gibbs Free Energy Change & Gibbs Equation

Reaction Feasibility

24. Electrochemistry (AL)

24.1 Electrolysis

Electrolysis

Faraday's Law & Avogadro

Electrolysis: Calculations

24.2 Standard Electrode Potentials E⦵, Standard Cell Potentials E⦵cell & the Nernst Equation

Standard Electrode & Cell Potentials

Measuring the Standard Electrode Potential

Standard Cell Potential: Calculations, Electron Flow & Feasibility

Non-Standard Conditions

Nernst Equation

Standard Electrode Potentials: Free Energy Change

25. Equilibria (AL)

25.1 Acids & Bases

Conjugate Acids & Bases

pH, Ka, pKa & Kw Calculations

pH & [H+] Calculations

Buffers

Buffer Calculations

Solubility Product

Solubility Product Calculations

The Common Ion Effect

25.2 Partition Coefficients

Partition Coefficients

26. Reaction Kinetics (AL)

26.1 Simple Rate Equations, Orders of Reaction & Rate Constants

Chemical Kinetics Terminology

Chemical Kinetics Calculations

Half-Life

Rate Constant Calculations

Multi-Step Reactions

Factors affecting Rate Constant

26.2 Homogeneous & Heterogeneous Catalysts (AL)

Homogeneous & Heterogeneous Catalysts

27. Group 2 (AL)

27.1 Similarities & Trends in the Properties of the Group 2 Metals, Magnesium to Barium, & Their Compounds (AL)

Similarities, Trends & Compounds of Magnesium to Barium

28. Chemistry of Transition Elements

28.1 General Physical & Chemical Properties of the First Row of Transition Elements, Titanium to Copper

The Transition Elements: Titanium to Copper

Oxidation States of Transition Metals

28.2 General Characteristic Chemical Properties of the First Set of Transition Elements, Titanium to Copper

Transition Metal Complexes

Ligands

Geometry of Complexes

Ligand Exchange

Predicting Feasibility of Redox Reactions

Redox Systems

28.3 Colour of Complexes

Degenerate & non-Degenerate d Orbitals

Coloured Complexes

28.4 Stereoisomerism in Transition Element Complexes

Stereoisomerism in Transition Element Complexes

28.5 Stability Constants, Kstab

Stability Constant, Kstab

Effect of Ligand Exchange on Stability Constant

29. An Introduction to A Level Organic Chemistry

29.1 Formulas, Functional Groups & the Naming of Organic Compounds (AL)

Functional Groups

Formulae of Functional Groups

Nomenclature of Compounds

29.2 Characteristic Organic Reactions (AL)

Organic Chemistry Terminology

29.3 Shapes of Aromatic Organic Molecules; σ & π Bonds

The Shape of Aromatic Molecules

29.4 Isomerism: Optical

Optical Isomers

Chirality & Drug Production

30. Hydrocarbons (AL)

30.1 Arenes

Reactions of Arenes

Electrophilic Substitution of Arenes

Location of Halogenation on Arenes

Directing Effects of Substituents on Arenes

31. Halogen Compounds (AL)

31.1 Halogen Compounds

Producing Halogenoarenes

Reactivity of Halogenoarenes

32. Hydroxy Compounds (AL)

32.1 Alcohols (AL)

Alcohols & Acyl Chlorides

32.2 Phenol

Producing Phenol

Reactions of Phenol

Acidity of Phenols

Nitration & Bromination of Phenol

Reactions of Other Phenolic Compounds

33. Carboxylic Acids & Derivatives (AL)

33.1 Carboxylic Acids (AL)

Producing Benzoic Acid

Reactions of Carboxylic Acids

Relative Acidities of Carboxylic Acids, Phenols & Alcohols

Relative Acidities of Chlorine-substituted Carboxylic Acids

33.2 Esters (AL)

Producing Esters

33.3 Acyl Chlorides

Acyl Chlorides

Addition-Elimination Reactions of Acyl Chlorides

Relative Ease of Hydrolysis

34. Nitrogen Compounds (AL)

34.1 Primary & Secondary Amines

Producing Amines

Producing Amides

Basicity of Amines

34.2 Phenylamine & Azo Compounds

Production & Reactions of Phenylamine

Relative Basicity of Ammonia, Ethylamine & Phenylamine

Azo Compounds

34.3 Amides

Reactions of Amides

Relative Basicity of Amides & Amines

34.4 Amino Acids

Amino Acids

Peptide Bonds

Electrophoresis

35. Polymerisation (AL)

35.1 Condensation Polymerisation

Formation of Polyesters

Formation of Polyamides

Repeat Units & Monomers

35.2 Predicting the Type of Polymerisation

Predicting & Deducing the Type of Polymerisation

35.3 Degradable Polymers

Degradability of Polymers

36. Organic Synthesis (AL)

36.1 Organic Synthesis (AL)

Elucidating Organic Molecules

Multi-step Synthetic Routes

Analysis of Synthetic Routes

37. Analytical Techniques (AL)

37.1 Thin-Layer Chromatography

Thin-Layer Chromatography

37.2 Gas/Liquid Chromatography

Gas/Liquid Chromatography

Interpreting Rf Values in GL Chromatography

37.3 Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy

Interpreting & Explaining Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy

Predicting Carbon-13 NMR Spectra

37.4 Proton (1H) NMR Spectroscopy

Proton (1H) NMR Spectroscopy

Tetramethylsilane (TMS) & Deuterated Solvents

Study tools

• CIE A Level Chemistry · Exam Questions
• CIE A Level Chemistry · Past Papers