Polymers (A Level only) (AQA A Level Chemistry)

Exam Questions

3 hours30 questions
1a2 marks

Name the two types of polymerisation.

1b2 marks

Name two families of chemicals that can be used to form condensation polymers.

1c2 marks

Name the two types of link formed by condensation polymerisation.

1d2 marks

Name the two condensation products of the reaction between a dicarboxylic acid and a diamine.

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2a1 mark

Give the IUPAC name of the organic compound shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

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2b1 mark

Give the IUPAC name of the organic compound shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

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2c2 marks

Draw the repeat unit formed by the organic compounds during condensation polymerisation.

The organic compounds are repeated in Figure 3 here to help you answer.

Figure 3   

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2d1 mark

A student attempted to answer part (c). Their incorrect repeating unit is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4

4-11

Explain why the student’s repeating unit is incorrect.

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3a2 marks

A section of a polyester is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

5-8

Draw and name the hydroxycarboxylic acid monomer used to form this polyester.

3b1 mark

Hydroxycarboxylic acids can be used to make polyesters because they possess an alcohol and a carboxylic acid functional group.

Name the group of chemicals that can undergo condensation polymerisation to form polyamides because they contain both an amine group and a carboxylic acid group.

3c3 marks

Draw a section of the polymer formed by the condensation of 1,6-diaminohexane and butanedioyl dichloride, shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

6-8

3d2 marks

Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using butanedioyl dichloride in part (c) instead of using butanedioic acid.

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4a2 marks

State two uses of the polymer polyethylene terephthalate.

4b2 marks

Nylon 6,6 is made from the condensation polymerisation of a diamine and a dicarboxylic acid.

Name the diamine and the dicarboxylic acid used to form nylon 6,6.

4c1 mark

Why is the dicarboxylic acid used to make nylon 6,6 often converted to the diacyl dichloride before reacting with the diamine?

4d1 mark

The repeating unit of Kevlar® is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

7-5

Identify the intermolecular force that contributes towards the strength and other physical properties of Kevlar®.

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5a1 mark

Polyesters and polyamides are biodegradable. 

Name the chemical process used to break down polyesters and polyamides.

5b2 marks

State two factors that can influence the rate of hydrolysis of polyesters and polyamides.

5c3 marks

State the three methods of disposing of polymers.

5d1 mark

Which method of polymer disposal can be used to generate electricity and reduces the build up of polymer waste but releases carbon dioxide, toxic gases and particulates into the environment?

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1a4 marks

Poly(phenylethene) is widely used as a polymer for many purposes such as packaging.
The structure of poly(phenylethene) is shown in Figure 1 below. 

Figure 1

1-13

i)
State the type of polymerisation and the draw the monomer used to make poly(phenylethene). 

ii)
Suggest why the monomer is liquid at room temperature but poly(phenylethene) is in the solid state at room temperature. 
1b4 marks

Terylene was one of the first man made polymers produced to be used as fibres for Clothing. The structures of the two monomers used to make Terylene are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2
2-12

i)
Give the IUPAC names for Compound A and Compound B.

ii)
Draw the structure of the repeating unit produced from these two monomers.

iii)
Give the name of this type of polymerisation.

iv)
Give the name of the linkage once the polymer has been formed.
1c6 marks

Explain why poly(phenylethene) drawn in Figure 1 of part (a) is far less reactive than Terylene described in part (b).

1d1 mark

Identify a solution that would break down Terylene but not break down poly(phenylethene).

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2a3 marks

The structure of Kevlar is shown in Figure 1. State the type of polymerisation and draw the two monomers used to make Kevlar. 

Figure 1

3-12

2b4 marks

Draw a second strand of Kevlar underneath Figure 2 to show how the strands are attached to one another.

Use your diagram to explain why Kevlar can be used for making items that require high strength.

Figure 2

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2c4 marks

High density poly(ethene), HDPE, is an example of a polyalkene and is used to make items such as plastic pipes and washing up bowls.


State the difference in biodegradability between Kevlar and high density poly(ethene), HDPE. Use your knowledge of structure and bonding to explain this difference.

2d2 marks

Draw the salt formed when Kevlar reacts with hot, concentrated sodium hydroxide and give the name of this type of reaction.

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3a1 mark

One of the following molecules in Figure 1 below can polymerise by reaction with itself.
Identify the molecule and justify your answer.

Figure 1 

                                                A         HOOCCH2CH2COOH 

                                                B         CH3CH2CONH2                                   

                                                C         NH2CH2CH2COCl 

                                                D         NH2CH2CH2CH2NH2

3b1 mark

Valylalanine in Figure 2 below, is an example of a dipeptide composed of two amino acids, valine and alanine.

When this compound is placed in acidic conditions, two species are formed.

Draw one of these two species. 

Figure 2

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3c4 marks

The structure of glycine, an amino acid, is shown below in Figure 3. 

Figure 3         
6-9

i)
Give the IUPAC name of glycine.

ii)
Draw the displayed structure of the compound formed from the reaction of glycine with an excess of sodium hydroxide, NaOH.

iii)
Draw the displayed structure of the compound formed from the reaction of glycine with an excess of ethanol, CH3CH2OH, in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid, H2SO4.

iv)
Draw the displayed structure of the compound formed from the reaction of glycine with ethanoyl chloride, CH3COCl
3d6 marks

Unlike the polymers formed by condensation reactions, polyalkenes which are formed by addition polymerisation are not biodegradable. If not disposed of correctly, polyalkenes can end up in a landfill, or as pollution in rivers and oceans.

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the incineration and the recycling of polyalkenes.

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4a3 marks

Compound A, (CH3)2C=C(CH3)2, is a hydrocarbon that can undergo polymerisation and can also react with bromine water, decolourising it.

i)
Name the type of polymerisation that is involved and draw the repeating unit of the polymer formed.

ii)
Draw an isomer of Compound A that will not react with bromine water.

 

4b2 marks

A dipeptide made from the amino acids cysteine and tryptophan is shown in Figure 1.

Cysteine contains a sulphur molecule. 

Figure 1 
7-6

i)
Draw the structure of the amino acid tryptophan.

ii)
Draw the structure of the zwitterion of cysteine.

4c2 marks

Amino acids such as serine in Figure 2 will form polyamide links. Polyamides will contain the same type of links and these polymers can be used to form fibres suitable for weaving. Polymers formed from alkenes by additional polymerisation are usually took weak for this purpose.

 Figure 2
8-5

In terms of intermolecular forces between the polymer chains, explain why polyalkenes are not suitable to be used as fibres for weaving.

4d3 marks

Serine is an example of an amino acid. Amino acids contain a chiral carbon and exhibit optical isomerism.

i)
Give the meaning of the term racemate.

ii)
Explain how you would distinguish between serine and one of the enantiomers of serine drawn in Figure 2, but why this could be a problem with a racemic mixture.

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5a3 marks

Nylon is an example of a synthetic polyamide and contains the same links as polypeptides. Nylon is the general name for a family of polyamides. A section of a nylon polymer is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1
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i)
Draw the structures of two monomers that could be used to make this nylon.

ii)
State the type of polymerisation involved in the formation of this nylon.

 

5b5 marks

Nylon can be used to make clothing. Suggest why nylon should be protected from spillages of strong acids and alkalis.

5c2 marks

Nomex, drawn in Figure 2, has a higher melting point than nylon and is used to make the flame resistant body suits worn by racing drivers.

Suggest a reason why the melting point of Nomex is higher than that of nylon.

Figure 2 
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5d3 marks

Draw the two monomers that are used to manufacture Nomex drawn in Figure 2 and give the formula of any by-products produced

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1a3 marks

A section of polymer is shown in Figure 1. 

Figure 1

1-14

i)
Draw the repeating unit for this polymer.

ii)
Name the monomer used to form this polymer.

iii)
State the common name of this polymer.
1b2 marks

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, shown in Figure 2, was one of the first plasticisers used to soften polychloroethene from the rigid plastic used for drain pipes and guttering to its more flexible version used in clingfilm.

Figure 2

2-13 

Explain how this plasticiser softens polychloroethene.

1c1 mark

Name the chemicals used to make bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2

 2-13

1d2 marks

Explain why the chemicals, identified in part (c), that are used to make bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate cannot form a condensation polymer.

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2a1 mark

Draw the repeat unit for the general condensation polymerisation of a dicarboxylic acid and a diol as shown in Figure 1.

 Figure 1

3-13

2b1 mark

In terms of n, state the number of molecules of water formed in the condensation polymerisation reaction of a general dicarboxylic acid and a general diol as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

3-13

2c3 marks

Using displayed formulae, write the balanced equation for the condensation polymerisation of the two monomers, propanedioyl dichloride and butane-1,4-diol.

2d1 mark

Suggest an alternative pair of monomers that will produce the polymer from part (c).

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3a2 marks

One family of condensation polymers are the aramids, so called because of the arene rings that are linked together with amide bonds. Kevlar ® and Nomex ® are two common examples of aramids.

Kevlar ® has a variety of uses, including bulletproof vests and puncture resistant tyres, due to its strength and being lightweight. Nomex ® is most commonly used as a lining of the overalls worn by racing drivers and their pit crews as well as in the personal
protective equipment of firefighters due to its flame resistant properties.

Nomex ® is made from 1,3-diaminobenzene and 1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid.

Draw the skeletal structures of these monomers.

3b3 marks

Draw the structure of the Nomex ® polymer.

3c2 marks

Kevlar ® is made from 1,4-diaminobenzene and 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid.

Draw two repeat units of the polymer to show the strongest intermolecular force in Kevlar ®. 

3d2 marks

State whether Kevlar ® or Nomex ® will have the higher melting point.

Justify your answer.

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4a2 marks

Polyethylene terephthalate, PET, is an increasingly common polymer as it is lightweight and strong. The repeat unit of PET is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

4-13

PET is made from the two monomers terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol.

Give the systematic IUPAC names of these two monomers.

4b2 marks

According to the Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, 43.8% of the 2.361 megatonnes of the UK’s plastic waste was recycled in 2018.

Explain how the use of polyester based plastics such as PET can help with the UK waste plastic problem, even if it is not recycled.

4c3 marks

Condensation polymers biodegrade more quickly on compost heaps than in landfill sites.

Suggest three reasons for this.

4d3 marks

The main methods of polymer disposal are landfill, incineration and recycling.

Give three reasons why, despite its disadvantages, landfill is still the most effective method of waste disposal.

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5a1 mark

Lactic acid, C3H6O3, is a carboxylic acid with a secondary alcohol functional group.

Draw the displayed formula of lactic acid.

5b2 marks

Lactic acid can form the condensation polymer polylactic acid, PLA.

Draw a section of the PLA polymer showing two repeat units.

5c2 marks

The structure in Figure 1 shows the repeat unit of a polymer.

 Figure 1

5-10

Give the IUPAC names of the monomers used to form this polymer.

5d1 mark

The structures in Figure 2 are two possible repeat units of the condensation polymer formed by the reaction of 1,3-diaminopropane and butane-1,4-dioic acid.

Figure 2

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Draw an alternative repeat unit for the same condensation polymerisation of 1,3-diaminopropane and butane-1,4-dioic acid.

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