Chromatography (A-level only) (AQA A Level Chemistry)

Exam Questions

2 hours30 questions
1a3 marks

Name the three types of chromatography.

1b2 marks

Name the two phases of chromatography.

1c2 marks

State two factors that the rate of separation depends upon.

1d1 mark

State the equation to calculate the unique retention factor of a compound.

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2a2 marks

Name two chemicals that are often coated onto metal sheets for thin-layer chromatography.

2b3 marks

Name three methods or chemicals that can be used to locate or make the spot of a non coloured compound visible.

2c3 marks

A TLC analysis is set up to check if an unknown mixture of food colourings contains one banned colouring.

Draw the experimental setup for this TLC analysis. 

2d3 marks

Calculate the Rf value of the compound shown in the chromatogram in Figure 1.

Figure 1

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3a5 marks

Add labels to the chromatography column shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

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3b1 mark

Name the piece of equipment most commonly used to introduce the sample to the top of the chromatography column.

3c2 marks

Explain how the process of column chromatography can be sped up in the school laboratory.

3d2 marks

Describe how column chromatography can be completed when the sample components are colourless.

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4a3 marks

Name the three types of chemical that gas-liquid chromatography is used for.

4b1 mark

In TLC, silica and alumina are specific examples of chemicals that are used for the stationary phase.

What type of chemical is commonly used as the stationary phase in gas-liquid chromatography?

4c2 marks

What is the mobile phase in gas-liquid chromatography? You should include at least one specific example in your answer.

4d1 mark

Gas-liquid chromatography produces results based on retention time.

Define retention time.

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5a1 mark

State the relationship between the polarity of compounds and Rf values in thin-layer chromatography.

5b3 marks

In gas-liquid chromatography, what does the retention time depend upon?

5c1 mark

In gas-liquid chromatography, what do the relative size or area under the peak on a gas chromatogram tell you?

5d3 marks

The results of a gas-liquid chromatography experiment are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

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i)
Which compound has the greatest retention time?

ii)
Which compound is the most polar?

iii)
Which compound has the greatest interaction with the mobile phase?

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1a3 marks

A bottle of butan-2-ol was found by infrared spectroscopy to be contaminated with butanone. The contents on this bottle were then separated by column chromatography.

Using your data booklet, explain how the chemist was able to determine that the butan-2-ol was no longer pure using IR spectroscopy and suggest what chemical process would have led to this contamination. 

1b2 marks

Column chromatography was used to separate the contents of the bottle containing butan-2-ol and butanone. The column contained silica gel.

The contents of the bottle were dissolved in hexane and added to the column. Hexane continued to be added to the column. Samples of the eluent were collected.

Suggest why butanone was present in the samples of eluent collected first.

1c2 marks

Identify the stationary and mobile phases in this chromatography column. 

1d2 marks

Another method of chromatography is thin layer chromatography, TLC. A mixture of benzaldehyde and benzyl alcohol is placed on a TLC plate using 7:3 pentane/diethyl ether as a solvent.

The two compounds travel a certain distance up the plate as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Calculate the Rf values for both compounds in the chromatogram shown in Figure 1.

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2a1 mark

Thin layer chromatography, TLC, is used routinely in the laboratory to both monitor reactions and analyse the purity of pain killing drugs. An example of a drug is called ibuprofen, shown in Figure 1.

Calculate the Mr of ibuprofen to 1 decimal place.

Figure 1

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2b4 marks

Chromatography is used to identify a sample of ibuprofen.

The sample is analysed by silica gel thin-layer chromatography (TLC) using a toxic solvent. The steps to produce the chromatogram of ibuprofen using TLC including safety precautions are outlined below.         

  1. Draw a pencil baseline 1.5 cm from the bottom of the TLC plate
  2. Use a capillary tube to drop a small amount of solution of sample to the origin marked on the pencil line
  3. Allow the spot to dry completely
  4. Add the developing solvent to a depth of no more than 1 cm below pencil line
  5. Cover the chromatography tank/beaker to prevent the solvent evaporating
  6. Allow the developing solution to rise up the TLC plate
  7. Remove the TLC plate and mark position of the solvent front with a pencil
  8. Place the plate under a UV lamp in order to see the spots and draw around them lightly in pencil

State two precautions the chemist should take when carrying out TLC and give a different justification for each precaution taken.

2c2 marks

State two advantages of using TLC for analysis of samples of pain killings drugs. 

2d1 mark

Thin-layer chromatography was performed on samples of ibuprofen and paracetamol.
On the ibuprofen TLC plate, only one spot was expected but two were shown.
Suggest why some chromatograms may have two or more spots present.

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3a3 marks

A mixture of dipeptides can be analysed using gas chromatography, coupled with mass spectrometry.

Summarise how each method contributes to the analysis.

3b1 mark

Define the term retention time.

3c2 marks

A mixture of two dipeptides, shown in Figure 1, is analysed by gas chromatography followed by mass spectrometry.

Figure 1

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Explain why the mixture of dipeptides can be separated by gas chromatography.

3d2 marks

Explain why mass spectrometry using electrospray ionisation does not identify the component amino acids for the dipeptides shown in Figure 1.

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4a1 mark

Column chromatography and gas chromatography work by the same principles of components travelling through the column at different rates.

State the difference between the eluents involved in column chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography.

4b2 marks

A gas chromatogram trace is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Identify if compound A, B or C has the greatest affinity for the solid phase. Justify and explain your answer.

4c1 mark

Use the gas chromatogram shown in Figure 1, part (b), to identify the most abundant compound in the sample. Justify your answer.

4d2 marks

An oil tanker is travelling through the English Channel. The tanker has a slight leak which is not large enough to result in an oil slick but some oil is noticed on a beach.

Suggest how gas chromatography could be used to identify the tanker as the source of crude oil pollution on the beach.

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5a2 marks

A student is asked to identify a mixture using thin-layer chromatography.

Draw the labelled experimental set up that the student should use to identify the number of compounds in the mixture.

5b4 marks

The student runs their thin-layer chromatography experiment and plans to determine the compounds from their Rf values.

Describe the steps that the student needs to perform to determine the identity of the compounds.

5c2 marks

The student’s results are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

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For their measurements, the student locates the centre of each spot by estimating its rough position by eye.

Suggest an improved method to locate the centre of each spot.

5d2 marks

Explain why the maximum Rf value of a compound cannot exceed 1.

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1a2 marks

Draw the isomers of dinitrobenzene and name the type of isomerism.

1b1 mark

In general terms, state the factors that determine the distance travelled by a spot in thin-layer chromatography.

1c3 marks

A student spotted samples of 1,2-dinitrobenzene and 1,4-dinitrobenzene on a TLC plate coated with silica gel. The solvent used to run the TLC experiment was hexane.

Figure 1 shows the student’s chromatogram with the spot for 1,4-dinitrobenzene.

Figure 1

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Draw the expected position of the spot for 1,2-dinitrobenzene. Explain your answer.

1d2 marks

Explain what the student could do to reverse the relative positions of the 1,2-dinitrobenzene and 1,4-dinitrobenzene spots.

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2a1 mark

The Rf value calculated from a chromatography experiment can be used to determine the potential identity of a compound.

Suggest why tables of Rf values must state the solvent as well as the stationary phase.

2b4 marks

In the wider Chemistry community, Rf values are often written with the solvent as shown.

Rf = 0.25 (Ethanol - Methanoic Acid - Propanone mixture {4:3:1})

A column chromatography experiment was set up that required 50.0 cm3 of solvent.

Outline a brief method to make 50.0 cm3 of the required solvent.

2c2 marks

Draw a labelled chromatogram for the compound detailed in part (b), assuming that the solvent front was 5.2 cm from the baseline.

2d4 marks

Rf values for a compound are specific for that compound with a particular combination of mobile and stationary phase chemicals.

State four variables that should be controlled to ensure a reproducible Rf value can be obtained for a compound.

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3a1 mark

A polypeptide was hydrolysed to form a mixture of its component amino acids.

Suggest a suitable reagent to perform this hydrolysis.

3b2 marks

Thin-layer chromatography of the hydrolysed polypeptide was performed by the following method.

  • The mixture was spotted on to a TLC plate, 1.5 cm from the left hand edge
  • The plate was placed into a container with a small volume of solvent A
  • The plate was allowed to run
  • The plate was removed when the solvent front was 0.5 cm from the top and allowed to dry
  • The plate was then rotated 90o to the left and placed into a container with a small volume of solvent B
  • The plate was allowed to run
  • The plate was removed when the solvent front was 0.5 cm from the and allowed to dry

State three possible ways in which the positions of the component amino acids could be located on the TLC plate.

3c2 marks

The chromatogram from part (b) is shown in Figure 1.

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i)
Identify the minimum number of amino acids in the polypeptide.

ii)
Suggest why the chromatogram only shows the minimum number of amino acids, not the actual number of amino acids.
3d1 mark

Suggest why two different solvents were used to produce the chromatogram shown in part (c).

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4a3 marks

A burette was set up for column chromatography as shown in Figure 1.

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Explain why this chromatography column may not work to separate a mixture.

4b1 mark

A student used the following method to load the chromatography column, in part (a), with their mixture.

  • The burette tap was opened to drain the solvent so that it was level with the top of the silica
  • The mixture was carefully added to the top of the silica, taking care not to disturb the silica
  • The burette tap was opened to drain the column until the sample was absorbed into the silica
  • Solvent was then added, taking care not to disturb the mixture absorbed into the silica
  • The chromatography column was then run to separate the mixture
  • When necessary, more solvent was added to ensure that the column did not dry out

Suggest a piece of equipment that could be used to add the mixture or solvent without disturbing the top of the silica.

4c2 marks

The student decides to adapt the burette from column chromatography to flash chromatography by attaching a large gas syringe via a delivery tube and bung. The student then compresses the gas syringe forcing air into the column.

Suggest how this setup will affect the separation of the student’s mixture.

4d3 marks

The mixture that the student is separating contains colourless, photosensitive components.

Describe how the student could complete their chromatography experiment to separate their mixture into the pure components.

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5a3 marks

Partial hydrolysis of a tripeptide with concentrated hydrochloric acid produces the amino acids alanine (ala), lysine (lys) and serine (ser) along with two dipeptides.

The chromatogram produced when separating the dipeptides is shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Calculate the Rf values of components A and B.

5b1 mark

The Rf values of some dipeptides are shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Dipeptide lys-ser ser-ala lys-ala ser-lys ala-lys ala-ser
Rf value 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.45 0.55 0.85

Use Table 1 and your answers to part (a) to identify the dipeptides responsible for spots A and B.

5c3 marks

Use the data sheet to draw the structure of the original tripeptide.

5d2 marks

Table 1 is repeated to help you answer this question.

Table 1

Dipeptide lys-ser ser-ala lys-ala ser-lys ala-lys ala-ser
Rf value 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.45 0.55 0.85

A second tripeptide lys-ser-ala undergoes partial hydrolysis to form two dipeptides.

Explain why chromatography of the component dipeptides may not be able to prove the identity of the tripeptide.

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