1. Physical Chemistry

1.1 Atomic Structure

1.1.1 Fundamental Particles

1.1.2 Mass Number & Isotopes

1.1.3 Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry

1.1.4 Shells and Orbitals

1.1.5 Electron Configuration

1.1.6 Ionisation Energy

1.1.7 Ionisation Energy: Trends & Evidence

1.2 Formulae, Equations & Calculations

1.2.1 Relative Atomic Mass & Relative Molecular Mass

1.2.2 Empirical & Molecular Formula

1.2.3 Balanced Equations

1.2.4 Reaction Yields

1.2.5 Atom Economy

1.2.6 Hydrated Salts

1.3 The Mole, Avogadro & The Ideal Gas Equation

1.3.1 The Mole & the Avogadro Constant

1.3.2 Reacting Masses

1.3.3 Reacting Volumes

1.3.4 The Ideal Gas Equation

1.4 Types of Bonding & Properties

1.4.1 Changes in State: Energy Changes

1.4.2 Ionic Bonding

1.4.3 Covalent Bonding

1.4.4 Dative Covalent Bonding

1.4.5 Dot & Cross Diagrams

1.4.6 Metallic Bonding

1.4.7 Properties of Ionic Compounds

1.4.8 Properties of Covalent Substances

1.4.9 Properties of Metallic Substances

1.4.10 Effects of Structure & Bonding

1.5 Molecules: Shapes & Forces

1.5.1 Shapes of Simple Molecules & Ions

1.5.2 Bond Polarity

1.5.3 Types of Forces Between Molecules

1.5.4 Effects of Forces Between Molecules

1.6 Energetics

1.6.1 Bond Energy

1.6.2 Energy Level Diagrams

1.6.3 Enthalpy Changes

1.6.4 Calorimetry

1.6.5 Hess' Law

1.6.6 Applications of Hess’s Law

1.6.7 Bond Enthalpies

1.7 Kinetics

1.7.1 Collision Theory

1.7.2 Measuring Rates of Reaction

1.7.3 Maxwell–Boltzmann Distributions

1.7.4 Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rate

1.7.5 Effect of Concentration & Pressure

1.7.6 Catalysts

1.8 Chemical Equilibria, Le Chatelier's Principle & Kc

1.8.1 Chemical Equilibria

1.8.2 Le Chatelier's principle

1.8.3 The Equilibrium Constant, Kc

1.8.4 Calculations Involving the Equilibrium Constant

1.8.5 Changes Which Affect the Equilibrium

1.9 Oxidation, Reduction & Redox Equations

1.9.1 Oxidation & Reduction

1.9.2 Oxidation States: The Rules

1.9.3 Redox Equations

2. Inorganic Chemistry

2.1 Periodicity

2.1.1 Classification of an Element

2.1.2 Trends of Period 3 Elements: Atomic Radius

2.1.3 Trends of Period 3 Elements: First Ionisation Energy

2.1.4 Trends of Period 3 Elements: Melting Point

2.2 Group 2, the Alkaline Earth Metals

2.2.1 Trends in Group 2: The Alkaline Earth Metals

2.2.2 Solubility of Group 2 Compounds: Hydroxides & Sulfates

2.2.3 Reactions of Group 2

2.2.4 Uses of Group 2 Elements

2.3 Group 7 (17), the Halogens

2.3.1 Physical Properties of Group 7

2.3.2 Chemical Properties of Group 7

2.3.3 Testing for Halide Ions

2.3.4 Uses & Reactions of Chlorine

3. Organic Chemistry

3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry

3.1.1 Functional Groups

3.1.2 Types of Formulae

3.1.3 Nomenclature

3.1.4 Structural Isomerism

3.1.5 Stereoisomerism

3.2 Alkanes

3.2.1 Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil

3.2.2 Modification of Alkanes by Cracking

3.2.3 Combustion of Alkanes

3.2.4 Chlorination of Alkanes

3.3 Halogenoalkanes

3.3.1 Reactivity of Halogenoalkanes

3.3.2 Reactions of Halogenoalkanes

3.3.3 Ozone Depletion

3.4 Alkenes

3.4.1 Structure, Bonding & Reactivity

3.4.2 Isomerism in Alkenes

3.4.3 Reactions of Alkenes

3.4.4 Test for Unsaturation

3.4.5 Addition Polymers

3.4.6 Solution to Plastic Pollution

3.5 Alcohols

3.5.1 Classifying Alcohols

3.5.2 Alcohol Production

3.5.3 Oxidation of Alcohols

3.5.4 Combustion of Alcohols

3.5.5 Elimination Reactions of Alcohols

3.6 Organic Analysis

3.6.1 Identification of Functional Groups by Test-Tube Reactions

3.6.2 Mass spectrometry

3.6.3 Infrared Spectroscopy

3.7 Organic Mechanisms

3.7.1 Fundamentals of Reaction Mechanisms

3.7.2 Chlorination of Alkanes

3.7.3 Nucleophilic Substitution

3.7.4 Elimination

3.7.5 Electrophilic Addition

4. AS Practical Skills

4.1 Physical Chemistry Practicals

4.1.1 Making a Volumetric Solution

4.1.2 Performing a Titration & Volumetric Analysis

4.1.3 Measurement of an Enthalpy Change

4.1.4 Factors Affecting the Rate of a Reaction

4.2 Organic & Inorganic Chemistry Practicals

4.2.1 Reactions of Group 2 Elements

4.2.2 Identifying Anions & Cations

4.2.3 Distillation of a Product from a Reaction

4.2.4 Testing for Organic Functional Groups

5. Advanced Physical Chemistry (A Level only)

5.1 Thermodynamics (A Level only)

5.1.1 Thermodynamic Terms

5.1.2 Born-Haber Cycles

5.1.3 Born-Haber Calculations

5.1.4 Comparing Lattice Enthalpies

5.1.5 Enthalpy of Solution & Hydration

5.1.6 Entropy

5.1.7 Gibbs Free Energy

5.1.8 Reaction Feasibility

5.2 Rate Equations (A Level only)

5.2.1 Rate Equations

5.2.2 Deriving Rate Equations

5.2.3 Rate Equation Calculations

5.2.4 The Arrhenius Equation

5.2.5 Finding Activation Energy

5.2.6 Concentration-Time Graphs

5.2.7 Rate-Concentration Graphs

5.2.8 Rate Determining Step

5.3 Equilibrium constant (Kp) for Homogeneous Systems (A Level only)

5.3.1 Kp Expressions

5.3.2 Partial Pressure

5.3.3 Changes in Temperature & Pressure

5.4 Electrode Potentials & Electrochemical Cells (A Level only)

5.4.1 Representing Cells

5.4.2 Standard Electrode Potentials

5.4.3 Predicting Reactions

5.4.4 Commercial Cells

5.4.5 Lithium Cells

5.4.6 Fuel Cells

5.5 Fundamentals of Acids & Bases (A Level only)

5.5.1 Brønsted–Lowry Acid & Bases

5.5.2 pH & [H⁺]

5.5.3 The Ionic Product of Water

5.6 Further Acids & Bases Calculations (A Level only)

5.6.1 Acid Dissociation Constant

5.6.2 pKₐ

5.6.3 Titrations

5.6.4 pH Curves

5.6.5 Buffers

6. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry (A Level only)

6.1 Properties of Period 3 Elements & their Oxides (A Level only)

6.1.1 Na & Mg with water

6.1.2 Reaction with Oxygen

6.1.3 Melting Point Trend

6.1.4 Oxides Reacting with Water

6.2 Transition Metals (A Level only)

6.2.1 General Properties of Transition Metals

6.2.2 Ligand Exchange

6.2.3 Shapes of Complex Ions

6.2.4 Formation of Coloured Ions

6.2.5 Variable Oxidation States

6.2.6 Redox Titrations

6.2.7 Catalysis

6.3 Reactions of Ions in Aqueous Solution (A Level only)

6.3.1 Metal-Aqua Ions

6.3.2 Reactions with Bases

7. Advanced Organic Chemistry (A Level only)

7.1 Optical Isomerism (A-level only)

7.1.1 Optical Isomerism

7.1.2 Identifying Chiral Centres

7.1.3 Racemic Mixtures

7.2 Aldehydes & Ketones (A-level only)

7.2.1 Aldehydes & Ketones

7.2.2 Reduction of Carbonyls

7.2.3 Nucleophilic Addition

7.3 Carboxylic Acids & Derivatives (A-level only)

7.3.1 Carboxylic Acids

7.3.2 Esters

7.3.3 Biodiesel

7.3.4 Ester Hydrolysis

7.3.5 Acylation

7.3.6 Manufacture of Aspirin

7.4 Aromatic Chemistry (A-level only)

7.4.1 Structure of Benzene

7.4.2 Nitration of Benzene

7.4.3 Friedel–Crafts Acylation

7.5 Amines (A Level only)

7.5.1 Preparation of Amines

7.5.2 Basic Properties

7.5.3 Nucleophilic Substitution

7.5.4 Nucleophilic Addition–Elimination

7.5.5 Quaternary Ammonium Salts

7.6 Polymers (A Level only)

7.6.1 Condensation Polymers

7.6.2 Biodegradability & Disposal of Polymers

7.7 Amino acids, Proteins & DNA (A Level only)

7.7.1 Amino Acids

7.7.2 Proteins

7.7.3 Enzymes

7.7.4 DNA

7.7.5 Anticancer Drugs

7.8 Organic Synthesis (A Level only)

7.8.1 Organic Synthesis

7.9 Organic Mechanisms (A Level only)

7.9.1 Organic Mechanisms

7.10 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (A Level only)

7.10.1 Principles of NMR

7.10.2 ¹H NMR

7.10.3 ¹³C NMR

7.11 Chromatography (A-level only)

7.11.1 Chromatography

7.11.2 Thin Layer Chromatography

7.11.3 Column Chromatography

7.11.4 Gas Chromatography

7.11.5 Interpreting Chromatograms

8. A-Level Practical Skills (A Level only)

8.1 Physical Chemistry Practicals (A Level only)

8.1.1 Required Practical 7

8.1.2 Required Practical 8

8.1.3 Required Practical 9

8.1.4 Entropy of Vaporisation

8.1.5 Iodine Clock Reaction

8.1.6 Determination of Kc

8.1.7 Making Simple Cells

8.1.8 Finding Ka

8.1.9 Titration Curves

8.1.10 Making Buffers

8.2 Inorganic Chemistry Practicals (A Level only)

8.2.1 Required Practical 11

8.2.2 Testing Period 3 Oxides

8.2.3 Ligand Substitution Experiments

8.2.4 Redox Titrations

8.2.5 Vanadium Oxidation States

8.2.6 Colorimetry & Complex Ions

8.2.7 Autocatalysis Experiments

8.2.8 Identifying Ions

8.2.9 Reactions of Metal-Aqua Ions

8.3 Organic Chemistry Practicals (A Level only)

8.3.1 Required Practical 10a

8.3.2 Required Practical 10b

8.3.3 Testing Aldehydes & Ketones

8.3.4 Required Practical 12

Study tools

• AQA A Level Chemistry · Exam Questions
• AQA A Level Chemistry · Past Papers