Manipulating Genomes (OCR A Level Biology)

that antibiotic resistance genes could transfer to pathogenic bacteria

that herbicide resistance genes could be transferred to wild species

that certain seeds might not be available for use by poor farmers

that the use of human embryos in stem cell production is unethical

changes resulting from gene therapy cannot be passed on to offspring

germ-line gene therapy affects the whole organism

gene therapy is a form of genetic engineering

somatic cell gene therapy can only affect a limited number of cells

Germ line therapy involves the use of liposomes; somatic therapy involves use of viral vectors.

Somatic therapy can target specific tissues in need of treatment, germ line therapy cannot.

Somatic therapy is most successful when targeting single gene defects, but germ line therapy can target multiple defects.

Long term success is theoretically more likely with somatic cell therapy than germ line therapy.

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6

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To separate the DNA template strands

To isolate the required gene sequence

To produce smaller DNA fragments

To allow RNA polymerase to bind to the promotor region

There are equal frequencies of two alleles

There are 3 different alleles for the gene

There are two alleles and the frequency of one allele is about 75%

There are three homozygous individuals in the population

Nanopore technology

Pyrosequencing

High-throughput sequencing

Sanger sequencing

Building phylogenetic trees

The polymerase chain reaction

Identification of antigens to be used in vaccine production

Identifying restriction enzymes for use in genetic engineering

Restriction endonuclease

DNA helicase

Ligase

Reverse transcriptase

Taking a section of DNA from one organism and inserting it into the genome of an organism from a different species.

Altering a person's DNA in order to treat or cure diseases.

Redesigning the genome of existing organisms by creating brand new sections of DNA. 

Using biological molecules in industry, such as enzymes used in washing powders.

Using a bacterial enzyme avoids the ethical considerations of having to extract human DNA polymerase

Taq polymerase has a high number of disulphide bridges, making it thermostable

Taq polymerase has a higher affinity for the substrate than other DNA polymerases

Taq polymerase has a higher rate of activity at body temperature than human DNA polymerase

1, 2 and 3 only

2 and 4 only

1, 3 and 4 only

1 and 3 only

1 only

2 and 3 only

1 and 2 only

3 and 4 only

2 only

1 and 3 only

2 and 4 only

1 and 4 only

Artificial selection for the most corn-friendly and nitrogen-fixing strains of bacteria

Using a plasmid vector to insert corn-associating genes into the bacterium from another bacterial species

Using a plasmid vector to insert nitrogen-fixing genes into the bacterium from another bacterial species

Using synthetic biology to change bacterial genomes so that they can associate with corn roots and produce nitrogen at the right time