Transport in Animals (OCR A Level Biology)

Exam Questions

3 hours39 questions
1
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The liquid of plasma forms the tissue fluid. Hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure play a vital role in tissue formation.

Oncotic pressure can be defined as:

  • The pressure exerted by blood

  • The osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins within a blood vessel

  • The hydrostatic pressure exerted by plasma proteins within a blood vessel

  • The osmotic pressure exerted by blood

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The diagram below shows a picture of the internal view of a mammalian heart.

ocr-as-3-2e-q2-mammalian-heart

At position X, the pressure in the ventricles rises above that in the aorta and pulmonary artery forcing the valves to open.

Identify the valves at position X.

  • Atrioventricular valve

  • Bicuspid valves

  • Tricuspid valves

  • Semilunar valves

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Which of the following options, A to D, is the correct description of atrial systole and ventricular diastole?

  • Atria relax, the ventricles contract, forcing blood out of the heart

  • Atria contract, forcing blood into the ventricles

  • Atria relax, forcing blood into the ventricles

  • All chambers are relaxed, and blood flows into the heart

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The heart beats in an ordered rhythmic fashion without any external stimulus.

State the correct order of electrical conduction in the heart.

  • SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Purkyne tissues

  • AV node → SA node → Purkyne tissues → Bundle of His

  • Purkyne tissues → SA node → AV node → Bundle of His

  • Bundle of His → SA node → AV node → Purkyne tissues

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Haemoglobin shows cooperative binding behaviour.

Which of the statements, from A to D define the cooperative binding behaviour of oxygen?

  •  The oxygen binding capacity of haemoglobin decreases with a rise in oxygen levels

  • Haemoglobin releases oxygen readily as more oxygen binds to it

  • Haemoglobin can readily accept carbon dioxide rather than oxygen

  • Haemoglobin can bind oxygen and carbon dioxide at once

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Myoglobin is a protein found in muscle. Myoglobin has a very high affinity for oxygen at most partial pressures of oxygen.

The figure below shows dissociation curves for
   • adult haemoglobin
   • fetal haemoglobin
   • myoglobin.
q2-paper-1-june-2019-ocr-a-level-biology
Which of the following rows, A to D, shows the correct labels for the lines on the graph?

  X Y Z
A myoglobin fetal haemoglobin adult haemoglobin
B fetal haemoglobin adult haemoglobin myoglobin
C adult haemoglobin fetal haemoglobin myoglobin
D myoglobin adult haemoglobin fetal haemoglobin

[1]

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    Which of the statements, A to D, explains why diastole follows systole in the mammalian heart?

    • Cardiac muscle is myogenic.

    • Cardiac muscle takes a short time to repolarise after being stimulated.

    • The aorta is capable of maintaining the pressure generated by the left ventricle.

    • The SAN receives impulses from the AVN.

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    Blood vessels are adapted for their function.

    Which of the following statements is/are true?

    Statement 1: The walls of arteries near the heart contain a lot of elastic fibres so that they can stretch and recoil to maintain blood pressure.
    Statement 2: The walls of the venules contain little muscle.
    Statement 3: The walls of arteries contain a lot of muscle fibres to contract and generate pressure in the blood.

    • 1, 2 and 3

    • Only 1 and 2

    • Only 2 and 3

    • Only 1

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    The ECG traces below show four abnormal heartbeats recorded for six seconds.

    Which of the traces, A to D, shows bradycardia?

    4I4G1Nt5_faulty-ecgs-for-mcq

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      Which of the options, A to D, best describes the chloride shift?

      • Hydrogen carbonate ions and chloride ions moving into red blood cells

      • Hydrogen carbonate ions moving out of red blood cells and chloride ions moving into red blood cells

      • Chloride ions acting as a buffer in red blood cells

      • Hydrogen carbonate ions moving into red blood cells and chloride ions moving out of red blood cells

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      Which of the options, A to D, would be found at the venous end of a capillary network?

      • hydrostatic pressure < oncotic pressure

      • hydrostatic pressure = oncotic pressure

      • oncotic pressure < hydrostatic pressure

      • oncotic pressure ≥ hydrostatic pressure

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      Which of the options, A to D, on the diagram below shows the time at which the Purkyne tissue conducts a wave of excitation?

      A7FdVG7N_pressure-during-cardiac-cycle-mcq

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        The graph below shows the oxygen dissociation curve for adult human haemoglobin.

         

        oxygen-dissociation-curve-mcqoxygen-dissociation-curve-mcq

        What is the proportion of oxygen molecules released by haemoglobin between 60 mm Hg and 20 mm Hg?

        • 0.31

        • 0.69

        • 0.74

        • 2.21

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        The diagram below shows an internal view of the mammalian heart with the atria removed so valves can be seen.

        heart-valves-from-above-mcq

        Which of the valves, labelled A to D, is pushed open by deoxygenated blood entering a ventricle?

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          10
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          The desert locust Schistocerca gregaria has a heart that pumps a blood-like liquid called haemolymph around the body cavity.

          Which of the statements, A to D, describes the circulatory system of Schistocerca gregaria?

          • Single closed

          • Single open

          • Double open

          • Double closed

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          The graph below shows changes in pressure during the cardiac cycle.ocra-3-2h-mcq-cardiac-cycle-graph

          Calculate the percentage increase in the pressure of the aorta between 0.2 seconds and 0.3 seconds.

          • 45%

          • 31%

          • 16%

          • 10%

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          Which of the statements below do not give a correct comparison between the circulatory systems of mammals and fish?

          1 Both carry oxygen.
          2 Blood pressure is lower in mammals.
          3 Both are closed systems.
          4 Mammalian hearts have a septum, fish hearts do not.
          5 Fish use a countercurrent exchange system, mammals do not.

          • Statements 1, 2 and 5.

          • Statements 1 and 2.

          • Statements 2 and 5

          • Statements 1, 3 and 4.

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          The ECG traces below show two different heart rhythms:ocra-3-2h-mcq-ecgs

          Using these ECGs, identify which of the following is not a key feature of tachycardia?

          • Increased heart rate.

          • Width of the T wave is narrower.

          • Lower R peak

          • P and T equal in height.

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          The horned ghost crab Ocypode ceratophthalma has a heart that pumps haemolymph into its body cavity where it mixes with interstitial fluid which surrounds the tissues.

          What type of circulatory system does Ocypode ceratophthalma have?

          • Double open

          • Double closed

          • Single open

          • Single closed

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          The table below shows the properties of a capillary compared with the surrounding tissue fluid:

          Property Capillary Tissue fluid
          Oncotic pressure (kPa) 3.3 0.04
          Hydrostatic pressure (kPa) 3.6 0.12

          The net movement of fluid between the capillary and tissue fluid is dependent on the net driving force (Jv), which is calculated using the formula:

          Jv = (Pc - Pi) - σ (πc - πi)

          Where:

          Pc = capillary hydrostatic pressure

          Pi = tissue fluid hydrostatic pressure

          πc = capillary oncotic pressure

          πi = tissue fluid oncotic pressure

          σ = reflectance factor

          The reflectance factor is a measure of how permeable the capillary is to the protein albumin and varies between 0 (totally permeable) and 1 (totally impermeable).

          In the capillary described above, the reflectance factor was found to be 0.65. Which of the values below correctly states the calculated net driving force?

          • 1.295

          • 0.998

          • 3.164

          • 1.361

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