Antimicrobial Properties of Plants (Edexcel A (SNAB) A Level Biology)

• Bacteria are microscopic prokaryotes (meaning their cells do not contain a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)
• They are often used in studies to test antimicrobial properties of substances
  • Antimicrobial means that the substance will either kill microbes (i.e. bacteria) or prevent their growth
• In order to perform these investigations, it is important to create an environment with all the conditions necessary for bacterial growth to occur
• Bacteria require the following conditions to survive and reproduce:
  • They require nutrients, which provide them with the materials needed to grow and respire
  • Those that respire aerobically will need a sufficient supply of oxygen
  • The temperature and pH of the environment must not be too high or too low to allow enzymes that control metabolic processes to function optimally

• Certain plant species have the ability to kill or prevent the growth of micro-organisms
• These antimicrobial properties can be incorporated into the development of new drugs

Apparatus

• Broth containing bacterial culture and nutrients
• Agar plate
• Pipette
• Plastic spreader
• Plant tissue
• Pestle and mortar
• Ethanol
• Funnel 
• Glass beaker
• Filter paper
• Forceps
• Stopwatch
• Incubator

Method

• Prior to this practical, bacteria would have been grown in a mixture of distilled water and nutrients, along with a specific bacterial culture
  • This mixture is called a broth
• Transfer some of the bacteria from the broth onto an agar plate (which is a petri dish filled with agar jelly that will serve as a growth medium for the bacteria) using a sterile pipette
• Make sure the bacteria is evenly spread out by using a sterile plastic spreader
  • Open the lid of the of the agar plate as little as possible when doing this to avoid contaminating the plate with other fungi or bacteria present in the surrounding air
  • Place the lid back on top of the agar plate immediately afterward to prevent contamination
• To prepare the plant extracts, plant tissue must be dried and ground finely
• This should be soaked in ethanol to extract the antimicrobial substances, after which it should be filtered
• Equal sized discs cut from sterile absorbent paper should be dipped in the plant extract using sterile forceps
• Leave the discs in the extract for the same amount of time to ensure that they absorb a similar amount of the plant extract
  • The disc that will serve as the control will only be dipped in ethanol
• Space the discs out evenly on the agar plate, before taping the lid on, inverting the plate and incubating it at 25°C
  • This temperature will ensure good bacterial growth without stimulating the growth of human pathogens
• Incubate for 24 to 48 hours

The same method as that shown above can be used to investigate the antimicrobial properties of plants. Just remember that the paper discs are soaked in different plant extracts (instead of different antiseptics) and the control disc should be soaked in ethanol (instead of sterile water)

Analysis

• The area around each disc where bacteria cannot grow is known as the clear zone
• The larger the clear zone, the more effective the antimicrobial properties of that plant extract was
• The size of the clear zone can be determined by measuring the diameter or by calculating the area (area = πr²)
• Repeat the experiment at least three times and calculate the mean of the results

Record the diameter of each clear zone to the nearest whole mm, and remember to calculate the area using the radius (taken as half the value of the mean diameter of each zone) 

Aseptic techniques

• These techniques are important to use in order to prevent the bacterial cultures on the agar plate from being contaminated by other micro-organisms or human pathogens from outside
• Contamination will have a negative impact on the growth of the bacteria under investigation
• When doing the investigation above, use the following aseptic techniques:
  • Keep windows and doors closed to prevent air movement
  • Disinfect surfaces and utensils regularly to prevent contamination
  • Ensure that you use sterile equipment and discard afterwards (especially plastic instruments)
  • Work near a Bunsen flame when transferring bacteria to ensure that microbes in the air are drawn away by rising hot air
  • For the same reason as above, hold the flame close to neck of the glass container of broth every time it's opened or closed 

To prepare an uncontaminated culture of microorganisms, this procedure can be followed

Aseptic Techniques Table