Syllabus Edition

First teaching 2023

First exams 2025

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Homeostasis in Mammals (CIE A Level Biology)

Exam Questions

2 hours11 questions
1a
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2 marks

Blood undergoes ultrafiltration in the kidney. 

Define ultrafiltration. 

1b
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2 marks

Outline the composition and role of the basement membrane in ultrafiltration. 

1c
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3 marks

Explain the ways in which the following adaptations of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) help the PCT to carry out its function. 

1. Microvilli on the inner surface  
2. Many mitochondria in epithelial cells  
3. Tightly-packed cells in the epithelium  

1d
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2 marks

Distinguish between the afferent and efferent arterioles in the kidney.

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2a
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3 marks

The names of six blood vessel types that carry blood in and around the kidney are shown below as A - F.

BzBbaMqH_renal-blood-vessels-word-cloud---sq

Place these blood vessels into the correct order through which blood passes during normal circulation.

2b
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2 marks

Maintaining water levels in cells and tissues is an example of a negative feedback system. 

Define the term 'negative feedback'.

2c
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1 mark

State the name of the hormone that controls the level of water that is excreted via the kidney. 

2d
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3 marks

Explain how the hormone named in part (c) affects the collecting ducts of the kidney as part of osmoregulation.

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3a
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2 marks

The diagram below shows some of the events that take place during the regulation of blood glucose.  

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(i)

Identify organ X.

[1]

(ii)

Identify hormone Y. 

[1]

3b
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4 marks

One of the effects of hormone Y is the formation of the second messenger, cyclic AMP. 

(i)

Define the term 'second messenger'. 

[1]

(ii)

Describe the sequence of events that leads to the formation of cyclic AMP following the release of hormone Y. 

[3]

3c
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2 marks

When cyclic AMP is released it triggers an enzyme cascade which amplifies the signal throughout the cell. 

Explain the benefit to the cell of having the signal amplified in this way. 

3d
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2 marks

Urine test strips can be used to test for the presence of glucose in the urine of diabetics. 

Explain the chemical reactions that occur on the strip in the presence of glucose.

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4a
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2 marks

Homeostasis is an important mechanism for mammals.

(i)
Define the term homeostasis.
[1]
 
(ii)
Explain the importance of homeostasis in mammals.
[1]

4b
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1 mark

Some of the principles of homeostasis are listed below, detailing the example of an external temperature rise. 

Arrange these in order of occurrence of a deviation from the normal.

  1. Temperature of skin reduced
  2. Signal to the coordination systems
  3. Rise in temperature detected by skin receptor cells
  4. Signal to coordination system stops/slows
  5. Signal sent to the sweat glands
4c
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3 marks

Other than control of body temperature state three physiological factors that homeostasis controls.

4d
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2 marks

Most physiological factors controlled by homeostasis are regulated by negative feedback control mechanisms. 

Describe the role of receptors and effectors in a negative feedback control mechanism.

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5a
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3 marks

Fig. 1 shows an image of a nephron. 

Identify the structures labelled 1, 3 and 4.

13--image-1---nephron

5b
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2 marks

State two components of blood expected to be found within structure 2, as shown in Fig. 1.

5c
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3 marks

Explain the role of sodium ions found within structure 3, as shown in Fig. 1.

5d
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2 marks

Structure 3, shown in Fig. 1, has many adaptations so that it can carry out selective reabsorption. 

State two adaptations of structure 3. 

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1a3 marks

Urea is excreted from the body in urine.

Outline why urea is present in the urine.

1b2 marks

Fig. 1 shows part of the process of urea production.

14-1-fig-1-1Fig. 1

(i)

Identify the molecule marked X in Fig. 1.1

[1]

(ii)

Give one reason why molecule X cannot remain in the blood.

[1]
1c3 marks

Urea influences the water balance of the blood.

Explain why the control of blood water balance is described as a negative feedback mechanism.

1d2 marks

Suggest why it is very important that the water balance of the blood is regulated.

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2a3 marks

Fig. 1 shows a representation of the structure of a kidney nephron.               

14-1-fig-2-1

Fig. 1

Identify the structures mark A-C in Fig. 1.

2b2 marks

Fig. 2 shows part of the glomerulus of a mouse.

Podocytes glomerulus micrograph

Image courtesy of SecretDisc. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. Reused and disributed under conditions found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en

Fig. 2

(i)

Name one feature visible in Fig. 2 that aids the process of ultrafiltration..

[1]

(ii)

Explain the advantage provided by the structure named in part (i).

[1]

2c
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3 marks

Table 1 shows the concentrations of several substances in the blood and in the glomerular filtrate.

Table 1

Substance Blood concentration / g dm-3 Glomerular filtrate concentration / g dm-3
Amino acids 0.5 0.5
Proteins 78 0.05
Glucose 1.1 1.1
Ions 7.0 7.0
Urea 0.3 0.3
Creatinine 0.02 0.02

(i)

Calculate the percentage decrease in the concentration of protein between the blood and the glomerular filtrate.

[2]

(ii)

Other than that shown in Fig. 2, give a reason for the difference calculated in part (i).

[1]

2d2 marks

A patient at a medical examination was diagnosed with high blood pressure.

Give two ways in which high blood pressure might affect the ultrafiltration process in the patient's kidneys.

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3a2 marks

Some diabetic individuals do not produce insulin. In an experiment, a woman with diabetes drank a sugary solution. The glucose concentration in her blood was measured at regular intervals. The results are shown in Fig. 1.

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Fig. 1

Suggest two reasons why the concentration of glucose decreased after 60 minutes even though this woman’s blood contained no insulin.

3b4 marks

The same experiment was repeated on a non-diabetic patient. The glucose concentration in their blood prior to drinking the sugary solution was 75 mg per 100 cm3.

(i)

Sketch a curve on Fig. 1 to show the results you would predict.

[1]

(ii)

Outline the reason for the curve that you have sketched in part (i).

[3]

3c5 marks

The regulation of glucose is an example of a homeostatic mechanism. Another example of a homeostatic mechanism is osmoregulation.

Describe the role of ADH in osmoregulation.

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4a
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5 marks

Some people have a condition called diabetes. In type 1 diabetes the pancreas does not produce enough insulin.

Fig. 1 shows the blood glucose concentrations of a type 1 diabetic person and a non-diabetic person, at regular intervals after drinking a glucose drink.

fig7-1-qp-mayjune-2019-9700-41

Fig. 1

(i)

Describe the results shown in Fig. 1.

[3]

(ii)

Name the location of the receptors in a non-diabetic person that detect a change in blood glucose concentration.

[1]

(iii)

Name the homeostatic mechanism by which blood glucose concentration is maintained.

[1]

4b
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4 marks

The urine of a non-diabetic person does not contain glucose. A person with type 1 diabetes will excrete glucose in urine. 

A reading of the concentration of glucose in the urine can be estimated using a dipstick.

Fig. 2 outlines how a dipstick works.

fig7-2-qp-mayjune-2019-9700-41

Fig. 2

The higher the concentration of glucose in the urine, the darker the colour on the dipstick.

(i)

Name enzymes A and B.

[2]

(ii)

An electronic biosensor can be used to measure the glucose concentration in a drop of blood.

Suggest one advantage of using a biosensor and one advantage of using a dipstick to measure glucose concentration.

[2]

4c
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5 marks

Describe the role played by insulin in the control of blood glucose concentration.

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5a
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2 marks

During contraction muscles use up ATP very quickly. For a short period of time ATP can be resynthesised using creatine phosphate, as shown in Fig. 1.

ADP + creatine phosphate → ATP + creatine

Fig. 1

The creatine formed as a result of the resynthesis of ATP is converted to creatinine. Creatinine production in the body stays fairly constant. Creatinine becomes part of the glomerular filtrate during ultrafiltration in the kidney nephrons.

(i)

Ultrafiltration requires a high blood pressure in the glomerulus.

Explain how this high blood pressure is achieved.

[1]

(ii)

Name the main filtration barrier in the nephron that allows creatinine to pass into the Bowman’s capsule but stops red blood cells from passing through.

[1]
5b
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6 marks

The concentration of creatinine in the blood largely depends on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). By measuring the concentration of creatinine in the blood, the GFR can therefore be estimated. The value of the GFR can be used to assess the efficiency of the kidneys.

In humans, a normal value of the GFR is 100 cm3  min–1.

Fig. 2 shows the relationship between the GFR and the concentration of creatinine in the blood.

screenshot-2023-06-01-110504

Fig. 2

(i)

Describe the relationship shown in Fig. 2.

[2]

(ii)

Use Fig. 2 to estimate the concentration of creatinine in the blood that indicates a normal GFR.

[2]

(iii)

Suggest two reasons why the GFR of a person might decrease.

[2]

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1a
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8 marks

Describe how the structure of the nephron and its associated blood vessels are adapted to the process of ultrafiltration.

1b
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7 marks

Describe the effects of insulin on its main target tissues and explain how this leads to changes in blood glucose concentration.

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2a3 marks

Insulin is a hormone that affects blood sugar levels.

Explain how insulin affects body cells.

2b3 marks

Diabetes is a condition in which the hormone insulin is unable to carry out its function. Metformin is a drug sometimes used to treat diabetes. 

A research group investigated the effect of metformin on blood glucose levels in 10 diabetic mice. The mice were given no food for 12 hours and were then given either no metformin (the control group), a 60 mg per kg dose of metformin, or a 400 mg per kg dose. 30 minutes later the mice were given a glucose meal and 180 minutes after this their blood glucose levels were measured. The results, along with bars to show standard deviation, are shown in Fig. 1.

14-1-fig-5-1
Fig. 1

A research assistant concluded from these results that metformin was an effective drug for the treatment of diabetes in human patients.

Use Fig. 1 and the information provided to evaluate this conclusion.

2c3 marks

The drug metformin works by lowering cellular levels of cyclic AMP.

Suggest how metformin works to reduce the impact of non-functioning insulin.

2d2 marks

A simple indicator test for diabetes in a patient involves the use of a urine test strip.

(i)

State why urine test strips show the presence of glucose but not other sugars in the urine.

[1]

(ii)

Explain why glucose is present in the urine of diabetic individuals.

[1]

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3a2 marks

Fig. 1 shows the changing concentrations of several substances as they pass through the regions of the nephron.

4

Fig. 1

(i)

Identify region 1 of the nephron shown in Fig. 1.

[1]

(ii)

Give a reason for your answer to part (i).

[1]

3b2 marks

Region 2 in Fig. 1 is the location at which much of the water is reabsorbed from the filtrate. During the second half of region 2, sodium ions are actively pumped out of the nephron into the surrounding medulla, indicated by a downward curve in Fig. 1.

Suggest how this accounts for the reabsorption of water from region 2.

3c4 marks

Fig. 2 shows a micrograph of the lining of region 1 from Fig. 1.

14-1-fig-3-2Fig. 2

(i)

Identify two features visible in Fig. 2 that aid the process of reabsorption.

[2]

(ii)

Explain how each of the features identified in part (i) aid reabsorption.

[2]
3d3 marks

The cells shown in Fig. 2 have many Na+/K+ transporter proteins in their cell surface membranes.

Explain the role of Na+/K+ transporter proteins in the reabsorption of nutrients.

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4a2 marks

The glomerulus is a structure in the kidneys responsible for the process of ultrafiltration.

Explain how ultrafiltration would be affected by severe dehydration.

4b
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6 marks

Ultrafiltration relies on a water potential gradient being established. 

Explain how solute concentration and pressure within the glomerulus establishes a water potential gradient during ultrafiltration.

4c
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2 marks

An important role of the kidneys is the removal of urea from the blood. The volume of urea removed from the blood can be used as a measure of the rate of ultrafiltration, also known as the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).  

An individual excretes 720 mg of urea in their urine over 1 hour, and has a blood urea concentration of 0.01 mg cm-3 entering the kidneys. Volume is calculated by dividing mass by concentration.

Use this information to calculate this person’s GFR.  Give your answer in cm3 min-1.

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5a
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2 marks

Diabetes insipidus is a disease partly caused by non-functioning ADH receptor proteins within the membrane of the collecting duct epithelial cells. 

Table 1 shows the concentration of solutes within different structures of the nephron in the presence or absence of ADH. 

Table 1

Structure of nephron Concentration of solutes (mol) per 100 cm3 of filtrate
ADH present ADH absent
Proximal convoluted tubule 200 200
Start of loop of Henle 300 300
Bend of loop of Henle 900 900
Distal convoluted tubule 100 75
Start of collecting duct 200 45
End of collecting duct 900 45

A doctor wanted to summarise the concentration of solutes with and without ADH present in patients suffering from diabetes insipidus and had to choose whether to summarise the data by calculating the mean, the median or the mode.

(i)
State the most appropriate measure for this set of data and give a reason for your choice.
[1]

(ii)
Find the value using the data from all concentrations of solutes per 100 cm3 of filtrate with ADH present.
[1]

5b
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2 marks

Explain what can be concluded about the action of ADH from the data given in Table 1. 

5c
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4 marks

Suggest and explain a symptom of a person with diabetes insipidus. 

5d
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3 marks

In patients with severe diabetes insipidus individuals may be given a synthetic ADH called desmopressin. Patients are warned not to consume too much fluid whilst taking desmopressin. 

Suggest why. 

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