Syllabus Edition

First teaching 2023

First exams 2025

|

The Microscope in Cell Studies (CIE A Level Biology)

Exam Questions

3 hours44 questions
1a
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1 mark

Define the term magnification.

1b
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1 mark

Define the term resolution.

1c
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3 marks

A student is reading a biology textbook. There is an image of a cell with the magnification stated as ×10 000.

Describe how the student would calculate the actual length of the cell.

Assume that the student has a ruler which measures in cm and mm.

1d
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3 marks

The student wanted to make a biological drawing of the photomicrograph of the cell. 

State three conventions for biological drawing that the student should follow.

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2a
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2 marks

A student wants to prepare a temporary mount of some cells isolated from the root tip of a garlic bulb. They placed a thin layer of tissue onto a slide before adding a drop of iodine and a coverslip.

Explain how the coverslip should be added to the slide.

2b
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1 mark

State how the procedure described in (a) would differ if animal tissue were being viewed rather than plant tissue.

2c
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2 marks

Fig. 1 shows an image as seen down the microscope.

The actual diameter of the structure, labelled X, is 200 µm.

A student used a ruler and measured the length of X as 8 cm. 

alveolus-micrograph

Fig. 1

Calculate the magnification of the image.  

2d
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2 marks

Fig. 2 shows a labelled organelle taken using an electron microscope.

mitochondria-micrograph-labeled-exammitochondria-micrograph-labeled-exam

Fig. 2

Explain the evidence from Fig. 2 that shows that this is an image from an electron microscope. 

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3a
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5 marks

Table 1 compares some of the features of light and electron microscopes.

Table 1

  light microscope electron microscope
image is formed using... light A
resolution B C
magnification lower D
can be used to observe organelles as small as... mitochondria / chloroplasts E

 

Identify the missing words labelled A-E.

3b
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2 marks

A student used a light microscope to view a specimen. They wanted to work out the actual size of the specimen and decided to use a stage micrometer together with an eyepiece graticule. 

Explain why the stage micrometer is needed as well as the eyepiece graticule. 

3c
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2 marks

The specimen the student wanted to view required a stain. 

State why stain is needed for some structures and specimens. 

3d
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1 mark

The specimen also needs to be thin to view with a light microscope. 

Explain why. 

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4a
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5 marks

Fig. 1 shows a cell as viewed down a scanning electron microscope.micrograph

x 400

Fig. 1

In the space below sketch a biological drawing of the field of view. Do not include labels. 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

4b
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5 marks

Identify visible organelles in your biological drawing by adding appropriate labels.

4c
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1 mark

The cells in Fig. 1 appear blue when viewed down the microscope lens. 

Suggest why.

4d
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1 mark

State the function of one of the organelles labelled in part (b).

State the name of the organelle to which your answer refers. 

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5a
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1 mark

Fig. 1 shows an electron micrograph of ciliated epithelial cells. The actual height of the cilia cell is 30 µm, and the image height is 28 mm. 

Ciliated Epithelium Electron Micrograph

Fig. 1

Calculate the magnification used to generate the image. Give your answer to three significant figures.

5b
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1 mark

Although cilia can be viewed under a light microscope, they are best seen with an electron microscope. 

Suggest why this is the case. 

5c
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2 marks

When viewed under a light microscope it is hard to distinguish individual cilia. 

Explain why. 

5d
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1 mark

Light microscopes have limitations that make some structures difficult to study in detail. Electron microscopes also have limitations. 

State one limitation of an electron microscope. 

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1a
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2 marks

Fig. 1 is a drawing of part of a plant cell as seen with an electron microscope. The scale bar (measuring 45 mm in length) on this drawing represents a length of 10 μm.

1-1-fig-1-1
Fig. 1

Calculate the magnification of the drawing in Fig. 1

1b
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2 marks

Calculate the actual width of the cell in Fig. 1 from A to B. Give your answer in micrometres (µm).

1c
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2 marks

Fig. 2 is a drawing of a mitochondrion at a magnification of ×20 000. The distance between points A and B in the diagram is 6.4 cm.

1-1-fig-1-2Fig. 2

Calculate the actual length of the mitochondrion in Fig. 2 in micrometres (µm).

1d
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2 marks

The circumference of a mitochondrion, labelled C in Fig. 2, is 1.5 µm. A student is making an accurate scale model of a mitochondrion for a school science project and wants to magnify a mitochondrion 50,000 times.

Calculate (in cm) what the circumference of the student’s model will be.

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2a3 marks

A student is given a sample of plant tissue.

Describe how the student would prepare a sample of cells from this tissue to be viewed using a light microscope.

2b4 marks

Describe how the student in part (a) would then view their sample of cells using a light microscope.

2c2 marks

Identify two structures in a eukaryotic cell that cannot be identified using a light microscope.

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3a2 marks

Fig. 1 below shows a cross-section of a leaf taken using a light microscope with a magnification of x250.

1-1-fig-4-1

Fig. 1

Fig. 1 shows some cell organelles inside the cells of the leaf, but it doesn’t show structures such as ribosomes or cell membranes.

Use your knowledge of microscopes to explain why this is the case.

3b1 mark

If the leaf sample in Fig. 1 were viewed under an electron microscope, ribosomes and cell membranes could be viewed clearly.

Explain why.

3c4 marks

Outline the general advantages and disadvantages of using an electron microscope.

3d2 marks

Fig. 2 below shows an image of algae taken using an electron microscope.

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SecretDisc, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Fig. 2

For the image shown in Fig. 2

i)
Name the type of microscope used to produce this image.

[1]

ii)
Give one piece of evidence to support your answer to part i)
[1]

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4a4 marks

A student decided to produce a biological drawing of a plant cell they were viewed using a light microscope.

Give four conventions that the student must be sure to follow for their diagram to be classed as a biological drawing.

4b
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2 marks

In order to produce a scale line for their biological drawing in part a), the student needs to calculate the size of each eyepiece graticule subdivision. Fig. 1 shows the field of view of the light microscope used by the student at a magnification of x200. The student is told that each subdivision on the stage micrometer represents 10 µm.

1-1-fig-5-1Fig. 1

Calculate the distance represented by one subdivision of the eyepiece graticule scale at this magnification.

4c2 marks

The student in parts a) and b) wants to be able to draw more detail of the plant cell infrastructure.

Explain why an electron microscope would give a more detailed image of the plant cell infrastructure than a light microscope.

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5a
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2 marks

With reference to resolution, explain the limitations of using a light microscope.

5b
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8 marks

Fig. 1 shows a photomicrograph of onion epidermal cells at a magnification of x250.

micro-3

Fig. 1

(i)

Draw a biological drawing of the cells in Fig. 1.

[5]

(ii)

Name three organelles that are not visible in Fig. 1.

[3]

5c
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2 marks

One of the cells of the image in Fig. 1 was measured to be 24 mm.

Calculate the actual width of one of the cells in Fig. 1. Give your answer in micrometres (µm).

5d
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3 marks

Describe how a student would make a temporary mount of some onion epidermal tissue.

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1a2 marks

A student used a light microscope to view a specimen. They wanted to work out the actual size of the specimen, and decided to use a stage micrometer, together with the ruler visible inside the eyepiece of the microscope (known as the eyepiece graticule).

Outline why a stage micrometer is needed as well as the eyepiece graticule.

1b3 marks

Describe the steps required to calibrate the eyepiece graticule of a light microscope using a stage micrometer.

1c2 marks

Explain why the steps outlined in part (b) would need to be repeated when the student changes to a more powerful objective lens.

1d
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1 mark

Fig. 1 shows the appearance of the scale of a stage micrometer. The length of the whole scale is 1 mm. Point A shows the point at which the edge of a human cheek cell appears in the microscope display. A typical cheek cell has diameter of approximately 50 μm.

1-1-fig-3-1

Fig. 1

Indicate on Fig. 1, with an arrow labelled B, the position of the opposite edge of the cheek cell.

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2a
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4 marks
Biologists use two main types of microscope to examine cellular structure: optical microscopes and electron microscopes. 






Give two advantages and two limitations of using electron microscopes to investigate cell structure.

2b
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1 mark

Fig. 1 shows an electron micrograph of part of an intestinal epithelial cell.

intestine

Fig. 1

Name the structures labelled X.

2c
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2 marks

Use the scale bar to calculate the magnification of the drawing in Fig. 1.Show your working.

2d
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2 marks

The two mitochondria identified in Fig. 1 appear to be different in shape.

Suggest two reasons for this difference.

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3a
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3 marks

Describe the process of making a temporary mount of a piece of plant tissue that would allow observation of starch grains within a cell with a light microscope.

3b
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1 mark

Fig. 1 shows two micrographs.

untitled-14
Photo by Dr. Mae Melvin, CC0, via pixnio.com Photo by Janice Carr, CC0, via pixnio.com

Fig. 1

Compare the images shown by the two micrographs.

3c
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4 marks
(i)

State the role of the cell type visible in Fig. 1.

[1]

(ii)

Explain the adaptations of these cells.

[3]

3d
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3 marks

A student doctor wanted to take a number of different measurements from a sample of blood cells in a blood smear. 

They used a light microscope with an eyepiece graticule as part of their method, but they did not use a stage micrometer.

Identify the type of error this would lead to and explain the effect on their data. 

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4a
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2 marks

Fig. 2 below shows a stage micrometer scale and an eyepiece graticule in a light microscope. The upper scale is the micrometer while the lower scale is the eyepiece graticule.

The length of one division on this stage micrometer is 0.1 mm.

stage-micrometer-with-graticule

Fig. 2

Calculate the actual length of one eyepiece graticule division using this stage micrometre. Give your answer in µm and show your working.

4b
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1 mark

The photomicrograph in Fig. 3 was taken using the same microscope and the same lenses as part (b).

The same eyepiece graticule was also used and is shown in Fig. 3.

onion-cell-micrometer-micrograph

Fig. 3

Use the calibration of the eyepiece graticule unit from part (a) and the information in the photomicrograph to estimate the actual length in μm of the region of plant tissue shown between C and D. 

4c
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4 marks

Draw a biological drawing of at least four cells from Fig. 3, including the cell labelled C-D. Your drawing should be drawn to scale at x1000 magnification.

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5a
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3 marks

A typical animal cell is surrounded by a cell membrane with a mean thickness of 8 nm, measured using electron microscopy.

A light microscope-generated image of the whole cell itself measures 5 cm across at a magnification of x1250.

Calculate the number of times wider the whole cell is than the thickness of its membrane. 

5b
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3 marks

A light microscope and an electron microscope were used to examine the contents of a plant cell.

The light microscope was used at two different magnification settings to produce the images shown in Fig .1. The electron microscope image is also shown in Fig.1 

In all three images the field of view contained the same piece of biological material. 

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Fig.1 

Suggest reasons for the differences in the appearance of the three images in Fig. 1.

5c
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2 marks

Give two possible names of cell components that could be shown in Fig. 1.

Assume that the setup of the microscopes and sample preparation has been carried out to give the best possible view of the specimens under observation in each case. 

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