The Role of Water in Living Organisms (CIE A Level Biology)

• Water has many essential roles in living organisms due to its properties:
  • The polarity of water molecules
  • The presence and number of hydrogen bonds between water molecules

Solvent

• As water is a polar molecule many ionic compounds (e.g. sodium chloride) and covalently bonded polar substances (e.g. glucose) will dissolve in it
• • This allows chemical reactions to occur within cells (as the dissolved solutes are more chemically reactive when they are free to move about)
  • Metabolites can be transported efficiently (except non-polar molecules which are hydrophobic)

Polarity of Water Diagram

Due to its polarity water is considered a universal solvent

High specific heat capacity

• The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of that substance by 1°C. Water’s specific heat capacity is 4200 J/kg°C
• The high specific heat capacity is due to the many hydrogen bonds present in water
  • It takes a lot of thermal energy to break these bonds and a lot of energy to create them, thus the temperature of water does not fluctuate greatly
• The advantage for living organisms is that it:
  • Provides suitable habitats
  • Allows for constant temperatures within bodies and cells to be maintained (this ensures enzymes have the optimal temperatures)
    • This is because a large increase in energy is needed to increase the temperature of water

Latent heat of vaporisation

• In order to change state (from liquid to gas) a large amount of thermal energy must be absorbed by water to break the hydrogen bonds and evaporate
• This is an advantage for living organisms as only a little water is required to evaporate from the surface of the organism in order to lose a great amount of heat energy
• This provides a cooling effect for living organisms, for example the transpiration from leaves or evaporation of water in sweat from the skin

Properties of water & its role in living organisms table

Property	Role in Living Organisms	Reason
Solvent	Allows chemical reactions to occur Transport medium	Polarity of water
High specific heat capacity	Allows water to be a suitable habitat Optimal temperature maintained within cells and bodies	Presence of many hydrogen bonds
High latent heat of vaporisation	Coolant	Presence of many hydrogen bonds