Biological Molecule Tests (CIE A Level Biology)

• There are a number of tests that can be carried out quickly and easily in a lab to determine if a sample contains one of the key biological molecules (carbohydrates, proteins and lipids)
• The following tests are qualitative - they do not give a quantitative value as to how much of each type of molecule may be present in a sample

The Benedict’s test for reducing sugars

• Add Benedict's reagent (which is blue as it contains copper (II) sulfate ions) to a sample solution in a test tube
• Heat the test tube in a water bath or beaker of water that has been brought to a boil for a few minutes
• If a reducing sugar is present, a coloured precipitate will form as copper (II) sulfate is reduced to copper (I) oxide which is insoluble in water
• A positive test result is, therefore, a colour change somewhere along a colour scale from blue (no reducing sugar) to brown/brick-red (a high concentration of reducing sugar)
  • This test is semi-quantitative as the degree of the colour change can give an indication of how much (the concentration of) reducing sugar present

The Benedict's Test Diagram

The Benedict's test for reducing sugars produces a colour change from blue towards red if a reducing sugar is present

The iodine test for starch

• To test for the presence of starch in a sample, add a few drops of orange/brown iodine in potassium iodide solution to the sample
  • The iodine is in potassium iodide solution as iodine is insoluble in water
• If starch is present, iodide ions in the solution interact with the centre of starch molecules, producing a complex with a distinctive blue-black colour
• This test is useful in experiments for showing that starch in a sample has been digested by enzymes

Iodine Test Diagram

Iodine solution can be used to test for the presence of starch

The emulsion test for lipids

• Lipids are nonpolar molecules that do not dissolve in water but will dissolve in organic solvents such as ethanol
• Add ethanol to the sample to be tested, shake to mix and then add the mixture to a test tube of water
• If lipids are present, a milky emulsion will form (the solution appears ‘cloudy’); the more lipid present, the more obvious the milky colour of the solution
• If no lipid is present, the solution remains clear

Emulsion Test Diagram

The Emulsion test for lipids forms a milky colour

The biuret test for proteins

• A liquid solution of a sample is treated with sodium or potassium hydroxide to make the solution alkaline
• A few drops of copper (II) sulfate solution (which is blue) is added to the sample
  • Biuret ‘reagent’ contains an alkali and copper (II) sulfate
• If a colour change is observed from blue to lilac/purple, then protein is present.
  • The colour change can be very subtle, it’s wise to hold the test tubes up against a white tile when making observations)
• If no colour change is observed, no protein is present
  • For this test to work, there must be at least two peptide bonds present in any protein molecules, so if the sample contains amino acids or dipeptides, the result will be negative

Biuret Test Diagram

Biuret solution can be used to test for the presence of proteins in a sample of food