Stimulating Contraction in Striated Muscle (CIE A Level Biology)

• Striated muscle contracts when it receives an impulse from a motor neurone via the neuromuscular junction
• When an impulse travelling along the axon of a motor neurone arrives at the presynaptic membrane, the action potential causes calcium ions to diffuse into the neurone

Neuromuscular Junction Diagram

The neuromuscular junction is where the nerve impulse arrives at a muscle cell

• Inward diffusion of Ca²⁺ ions stimulates vesicles containing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) to fuse with the presynaptic membrane
• The ACh that is released diffuses across the neuromuscular junction and binds to receptor proteins on the sarcolemma (surface membrane of the muscle fibre cell)
• This stimulates ion channels in the sarcolemma to open, allowing sodium ions to diffuse in
• This depolarises the sarcolemma, generating an action potential that passes down the T-tubules towards the centre of the muscle fibre
• These action potentials cause voltage-gated calcium ion channel proteins in the membranes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (which lie very close to the T-tubules) to open
• Calcium ions diffuse out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and into the sarcoplasm surrounding the myofibrils
• Calcium ions bind to troponin molecules, stimulating them to change shape
• This causes the troponin and tropomyosin proteins to change position on the thin (actin) filaments
• The myosin-binding sites are exposed on the actin molecules
• The process of muscle contraction (known as the sliding filament model) can now begin

The Process of Muscle Stimulation Diagram

How the myofibrils within muscle fibres are stimulated to contract