Syllabus Edition
First teaching 2020
Last exams 2024
Arteries will resist any changes of blood pressure flowing through it.
Which feature of an artery allows it to do this?
|
1 |
thick layer of muscle in the artery wall |
|
2 |
thick elastic layer in the artery wall |
|
3 |
smooth endothelium |
1, 2 and 3
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
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The following lists some features of the cardiovascular system.
Which is not a factor that changes blood pressure?
The volume of blood returning to the heart each heartbeat.
The systolic pressure of the heart ventricles.
The number of red blood cells in circulation.
The diameter of the blood vessels.
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The following lists some features of blood, tissue fluid and lymph.
|
1 |
fatty acids |
|
2 |
white blood cells |
|
3 |
Proteins |
|
4 |
carbon dioxide |
Which of the above components are found in all three substances?
1 and 2
1, 2 and 4
1, 2 and 3
1 and 4
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The majority of mammals (including humans) have a double circulatory system.
What does the term double circulatory system mean?
The heart has two of each chamber, the atria and the ventricles.
Blood passes twice through the heart during one complete circulation o of the body.
The blood circulates separately in the two sides of the heart.
Two sets of valves closing contributes to the double-sound of each heartbeat.
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All blood vessels are made up of different tissues.
Which of the following is present in all of them?
smooth muscle
Endothelial
Elastic
Fibrous
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An arteriole is a small blood vessel found leading to the capillary bed in tissues. One function of an arteriole is to increase or decrease the flow of blood to the tissues.
Which of the following tissues allows the arteriole to carry out this function?
|
1 |
Muscle |
|
2 |
Collagen |
|
3 |
Elastic |
1, 2 and 3
1 and 3
1 only
3 only
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The micrograph below shows human blood. There are four cells labelled.
Which row of the table below labels the cells correctly?
| W | X | Y | Z | |
|
A B C D |
lymphocyte erythrocyte phagocyte erythrocyte |
erythrocyte phagocyte phagocyte lymphocyte |
phagocyte phagocyte lymphocyte phagocyte |
phagocyte lymphocyte erythrocyte phagocyte |
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Arteries have thick elastic layers in their walls; those closest to the heart have thicker layers than the rest.
Which of the following statements about this layer is correct?
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
3 only
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Which row shows correctly identifies the composition of tissue fluid?
| phagocytes | platelets | protein concentration compared to plasma | |
|
A B C D |
X ✓ X ✓ |
X ✓ ✓ X |
higher higher lower lower |
Key ✓ = present, X = absent
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The table below shows some features of arteries, veins and capillaries:
| feature | arteries | veins |
capillaries |
|
|
1 2 3 |
wall lumen blood pressure |
thick wide high |
thin narrow low |
single cell narrow low |
Which row in the table is correct?
1 and 2
1 and 3
2 and 3
1, 2 and 3
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The image below shows two structures commonly found in mammals. A light microscope was used to view the sample.
| X | Y | Feature | |
| A | vein | atrium | Y contains deoxygenated blood |
| B | trachea | artery | the lumen of X allows air to pass through |
| C | bronchiole | vein | Y contains cells with oxyhaemoglobin |
| D | artery | vein | Y contains cells with haemoglobinic acid |
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When a transverse section of different blood vessels was viewed under a light microscope the following observations were made.
Which row is correct?
| outer wall of artery | layer of muscles and elastic fibres | diameter of the lumen | |
| A | thinner | thinner | wider |
| B | thinner | thicker | narrower |
| C | thicker | thinner | wider |
| D | thicker | thicker | narrower |
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Most mammals have a closed double circulatory system.
The diagram shows a circulatory system. The arrows indicate the direction of flow of the blood.
Which of the following is the correct description for this type of circulation?
open single
open double
closed single
closed double
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The table shows the features of three blood vessels in the mammalian circulatory system.
| vessel 1 | vessel 2 | vessel 3 |
| thin layer of smooth muscle with few elastic fibres | thick layer of elastic fibres and smooth muscle | no elastic fibres or smooth muscle |
What are vessels 1, 2 and 3?
| vein | capillary | Artery | |
| A | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| B | 1 | 3 | 2 |
| C | 2 | 3 | 1 |
| D | 1 | 2 | 3 |
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Venous pressure in the feet changes when a person is moving compared to standing still. Normal pressure in the feet is 3.3 kPa, when a person is standing completely still it rises to 5.0 kPa.
Which of the following is the correct description for this change in pressure?
Systolic blood pressure increases.
Muscles in the walls of the veins contract, reducing the diameter of the veins.
Skeletal muscles in the legs are not squeezing blood upwards in the veins.
The semilunar valves in the veins of the leg cease to function.
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Which statement correct identifies similarities between blood plasma and tissue fluid?
White blood cells are found in both blood plasma and tissue fluid.
The blood plasma is under the same pressure as the tissue fluid.
Protein is found in the equal concentration in both blood plasma and tissue fluid.
The water potential of the blood plasma and tissue fluid are equal.
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The pressure of the blood leaving the capillaries is about seven times smaller than that of blood entering the capillaries.
Which of the following statements describe this observation?
1 and 2
1, 2 and 3
2 and 3
1 and 3
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Which row of the table below correctly identifies the blood vessels?
| collagen fibres present in tunica externa (adventitia) | thick tunica media present | squamous endothelium present | |
| A | veins | veins | arteries veins and capillaries |
| B | arteries and veins | arteries | arteries veins and capillaries |
| C | arteries and veins | arteries | veins and capillaries |
| D | veins | arteries and veins | arteries and capillaries |
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The following statements compare blood tissue fluid and lymph
Which row identifies correctly W, X, Y, and Z?
| W | X | Y | Z | |
| A | tissue fluid | blood leaving the capillary | blood entering the capillary | lymph |
| B | lymph | blood entering the capillary | tissue fluid | blood leaving the capillary |
| C | blood leaving the capillary | lymph | tissue fluid | blood entering the capillary |
| D | blood entering the capillary | lymph | blood leaving the capillary | tissue fluid |
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Which of the following is the correct sequence of layers in the vessel wall from outside to inside?
| tunica media | tunica intima | tunica externa | |
| A | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| B | 1 | 3 | 2 |
| C | 2 | 3 | 1 |
| D | 1 | 2 | 3 |
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The graphs below show how different conditions change through blood vessels in the following sequence:
artery (art) → arterioles (a) → capillaries (c) → venules (v) → veins (vein)
Which set of graphs are correct in relation to the sequence above?
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Kwashiorkor is a disease caused by a lack of protein. The concentration of plasma protein is much lower in a sufferer than in a healthy individual. One symptom of kwashiorkor is oedema.
Which statement below correctly describes Kwashiorkor patients?
The water potential is higher in the plasma than in the tissue fluid at the arterial end of the capillary bed.
The water potential is lower in the plasma than in the tissue fluid at the arterial end of the capillary bed.
Water is a polar molecule and is known as the ‘universal solvent; so less proteins will dissolve in the plasma.
The water potential of the blood plasma and tissue fluid are equal.
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Water is the basis of blood, tissue fluid and lymph.
Which of the following statements describes properties of water that makes it useful as the fluid of the circulatory system?
2 and 3
1, 2 and 3
1 and 2
1 and 3
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A student studied the structure of a blood vessel and found:
Which vessel were they studying?
Vein
Capillary
Venule
Artery
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Dissolved materials change the oncotic pressure of a fluid, which is related to water potential, ψ.
The following table shows some changes in the oncotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure in a capillary.
Which row shows the correct changes?
| pressure (mmHg) | ||||
| arterial end of capillary | venous end of capillary | |||
| oncotic | hydrostatic | oncotic | Hydrostatic | |
|
A B C D |
−20 −20 20 −20 |
13
33 33 |
−20 −20 −20 −20 |
33 13 13 13 |
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Tissue fluid is formed from blood plasma in the capillaries.
Which statement below correctly identifies why?
solute potential < osmotic pressure
hydrostatic pressure > oncotic pressure
oncotic pressure > hydrostatic pressure
osmotic pressure > hydrostatic pressure
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Blood is made up of several different cells.
Which of the following statements about blood cells is incorrect?
The majority of organelles in red blood cells are broken down by hydrolysis
Erythrocytes develop large number of ribosomes early in their differentiation.
Neutrophils undergo mutation during differentiation.
Erythrocytes and neutrophils are derived from the same stem cells.
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The aquatic crustacean Daphnia magna has a heart that pumps blood-like liquid called hemolymph around the body cavity
Which of the following statements about the circulatory system is correct?
single closed
single open
double closed
double open
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Blood travels in several major blood vessels.
Which row in the table shows the correct sequence for the flow of the blood vessels after blood has passed through the vena cava?
| pulmonary artery | pulmonary vein | aorta | |
| A | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| B | 1 | 3 | 2 |
| C | 2 | 3 | 1 |
| D | 1 | 2 | 3 |
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Water moves between the plasma and the tissue fluid at the venule end of the capillary.
Which of the following statements correctly describes the mechanism behind this movement?
The hydrostatic pressure is greater than the oncotic pressure so water moves out of the capillary.
The oncotic pressure is greater than the hydrostatic pressure so water moves into the capillary.
The oncotic pressure is greater than the hydrostatic pressure so water moves out of the capillary.
The hydrostatic pressure is greater than the oncotic pressure so the water moves into the capillary.
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