CIE A Level Biology
Exam Questions

The Microscope in Cell Studies, Magnification Calculations, Eyepiece Graticules & Stage Micrometers, Resolution & Magnification, Calculating Actual Size

Eukaryotic Cell Structures & Functions, Animal & Plant Cells, The Vital Role of ATP, Prokaryotic v Eukaryotic Cells, Viruses

Biological Molecule Tests, The Benedict's Test, Testing for Non-Reducing Sugars

Biological Molecules: Key Terms, Covalent Bonds in Polymers, Reducing & Non-Reducing Sugars, The Glycosidic Bond, Starch & Glycogen, Cellulose, Triglycerides, Phospholipids

Amino Acids & the Peptide Bond, The Four Levels of Protein Structure, Protein Shape, Globular & Fibrous Proteins, Haemoglobin, Collagen

Water & the Hydrogen Bond, The Role of Water in Living Organisms

Enzymes, Enzyme Action, How Enzymes Work, Measuring Enzyme Activity, Colorimetry

Rate: Temperature, Rate: pH, Rate: Enzyme Concentration, Rate: Substrate Concentration, Rate: Inhibitor Concentration, Vmax & the Michaelis-Menten Constant, Enzyme Inhibitors, Enzyme Activity: Immobilised v Free

The Fluid Mosaic Model, Components of Cell Surface Membranes, The Cell Surface Membrane, Cell Signalling

Diffusion, Osmosis, Active Transport, Endocytosis & Exocytosis, Investigating Transport Processes in Plants, Investigating Diffusion, Surface Area to Volume Ratios, Investigating Surface Area, Estimating Water Potential in Plants, Osmosis in Plant Cells, Osmosis in Animals, Comparing Osmosis in Plants & Animals

Chromosome Structure, Mitosis, The Cell Cycle, The Role of Telomeres, The Role of Stem Cells, How Tumours Form

The Stages of Mitosis, Observing Mitosis

Nucleotides, The Structure of DNA, Semi-Conservative DNA Replication, The Structure of RNA

From Gene to Polypeptide, The Universal Genetic Code, Constructing Polypeptides, Transcription, Gene Mutations

Plant Transverse Sections, Xylem & Phloem Distribution, Xylem Vessels Elements, Phloem Sieve Tube Elements

Water & Mineral Ion Transport in Plants, Transpiration in Plants, Water & the Transpiration Pull, Xerophytic Plant Leaf Adaptations, Movement in the Phloem, The Sucrose Loading Mechanism, Phloem: Mass Flow

Circulatory Systems, The Main Blood Vessels, Observing & Drawing Blood Vessels, Blood Vessels: Structures & Functions, Cells of the Blood, The Role of Water in Circulation, Blood, Tissue Fluid & Lymph

Red Blood Cells, Haemoglobin & Oxygen, The Chloride Shift, Plasma & Carbon Dioxide, The Oxygen Dissociation Curve, The Bohr Shift

Structure of the Heart, The Walls of the Heart, The Cardiac Cycle, Heart Action

The Human Gas Exchange System, Distribution of Tissues, Recognising Tissues, Recognising Structures, Structures & Functions of the Gas Exchange System, Gas Exchange Processes

Infectious Diseases, Transmission of Disease, Prevention & Control of Disease

Penicillin, Antibiotic Resistance, Consequences of Antibiotic Resistance

Phagocytes, Antigens, Primary Immune Response, Memory Cells & Immunity

Antibodies, Making Monoclonal Antibodies, Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies, Types of Immunity, How Vaccines work, Vaccination to Control Disease

Energy, ATP, Energy Values of Respiratory Substrates, Respiratory Quotient (RQ), Investigating RQs

Structure & Function of Mitochondria, The Four Stages in Aerobic Respiration, Aerobic Respiration: Glycolysis, Aerobic Respiration: The Link Reaction, Aerobic Respiration: The Krebs Cycle, Aerobic Respiration: Role of NAD & FAD, Aerobic Respiration: Oxidative Phosphorylation, Anaerobic Respiration, Energy Yield: Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration, Anaerobic Adaptation of Rice, Aerobic Respiration: Effect of Temperature & Substrate Concentration

Chloroplasts, Stages of Photosynthesis, Thylakoids & the Stroma, Chloroplast Pigments, Absorption Spectra & Action Spectra, Chromatography of Chloroplast Pigments, Photophosphorylation, The Calvin Cycle

Limiting Factors of Photosynthesis, Investigating the Rate of Photosynthesis

Homeostasis, Production of Urea, Kidney Structure, Nephron Structure, Formation of Urine, Osmoregulation, The Control of Blood Glucose, Test Strips & Biosensors

Stomata, Guard Cells, Abscisic Acid & Stomatal Closure

The Endocrine System, The Nervous System, Neurones, Sensory Receptor Cells, Sequence of Events Resulting in an Action Potential, Transmission of Nerve Impulses, Speed of Conduction of Impulses, The Refractory Period, Cholinergic Synapses, Stimulating Contraction in Striated Muscle, Ultrastructure of Striated Muscle, Sliding Filament Model of Muscular Contraction

Electrical Communication in the Venus Flytrap, The Role of Auxin in Elongation Growth, The Role of Gibberellin in Germination of Barley

Haploid Cells & Diploid Cells, Homologous Chromosomes, Meiosis in Animal & Plant Cells, Identifying the Stages of Meiosis, Meiosis: Sources of Genetic Variation

Key Terms in Genetics, Predicting Inheritance: Monohybrid Crosses, Predicting Inheritance: Dihybrid Crosses, Predicting Inheritance: Test Crosses, Predicting Inheritance: Chi-squared Test, Genes, Proteins & Phenotype, The Role of Gibberellin in Stem Elongation

Gene Control, Lac Operon, Gene Control: Transcription Factors

Variation: Phenotype, Variation: Discontinuous & Continuous, Variation: t-test Method, Variation: t-test Worked Example

Natural Selection, Natural Selection: Types of Selection, Natural Selection: Changes in Allele Frequencies, Natural Selection: Antibiotic Resistance, Natural Selection: Hardy-Weinberg Principle, Artificial Selection, Examples of Artificial Selection

Theory of Evolution, Allopatric & Sympatric Speciation

Definitions of Species, The Three Domains: Archaea, Bacteria & Eukarya, Eukarya, Kingdoms, Viruses

Ecosystems & Niches, Biodiversity, Random Sampling, Testing for Distribution & Abundance, Pearson's Linear Correlation, Spearman's Rank Correlation, Simpson's Index

Reasons for Extinction, Reasons for Maintaining Biodiversity, Methods of Conservation, Assisted Reproduction, Controlling Invasive Species, Role of IUCN in Conservation

Recombinant DNA, Genetic Engineering, Isolating the Desired Gene, Genetic Engineering: Enzymes, Genetic Engineering: Vectors, Genetic Engineering: Promoters & Marker Genes, Gene Editing, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Gel Electrophoresis, Microarrays, Bioinformatics

Recombinant Human Proteins, Genetic Screening, Gene Therapy, Gene Technology in Medicine

Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture, Using GMOs in Agriculture