Digestion & Absorption (AQA A Level Biology)

Figure 1 below shows part of the human digestive system. The different organs are labelled H - M.

Give the letter of the organ that temporarily stores faeces before egestion.

Name organ L in Figure 1 and the digestive enzyme that it produces.

The glucose concentration in blood rises after eating a meal that contains carbohydrates. The increase in glucose concentration occurs at a slower rate if the carbohydrate ingested is starch, rather than sucrose.

Explain why this is the case.

Glycaemic load (GL) is a measure of how much digestible carbohydrate a person diet contains. A higher GL diet will raise the blood glucose concentration more rapidly after a meal. A high GL diet can also cause the concentration of harmful lipids in the blood to increase.

Lab technicians decided to investigate the relationship between different glycaemic load diets and the risk of developing coronary heart disease (CHD), specifically in women.

The glycaemic loads of the diets of a large number of women were determined by technicians. The women were then divided into 5 groups. Group 1 had the lowest GL diets and group 5 had the highest GL diets. The technicians then determined the risk of developing CHD in each group of women.

Figure 2

Use the information from the question and Figure 2 to describe and explain how the glycaemic load of a diet affects the risk of developing CHD.

Figure 1 below outlines the mechanism of lipid digestion and absorption.

Figure 1

Identify the type of cell labelled cell A.

Figure 1 shows the formation of lipid droplets and micelles.

Explain how the presence of these structures aids digestion and/or absorption.

Triglycerides are hydrolysed by the enzyme lipase.

A student wanted to investigate the breakdown of triglycerides in cow milk by human lipase at 20 °C. They recorded the pH of a sample of milk before and after adding human lipase. They used a pH meter to measure the pH.

Their results are shown in figure 2.

Figure 2

Explain the changes in pH after human lipase is added.

The student carried out the experiment at a controlled temperature of 20 °C. They repeated the experiment at 25 °C.

Draw a line on the graph (Figure 2) to show the results you would expect at 25 °C.

Figure 1 below shows the digestion of proteins. 

Figure 1  

Name molecule X and enzyme Y.

Describe the action of endopeptidases and exopeptidases.

Pancreatitis is a medical condition that can lead to the pancreatic duct becoming blocked. It can also cause protein-digesting enzymes to be released into the bloodstream.

Suggest why this might be harmful.

Figure 2 below illustrates the co-transport mechanism for the absorption of amino acids into the blood by a cell lining in the small intestine.

Figure 2

Use Figure 2 and your knowledge of the co-transport mechanism to explain why epithelial cells in the small intestine contain a large number of mitochondria.

Describe the role that enzymes play in the digestion and complete breakdown of starch.

A lab technician set up the experiment shown in Figure 1 below.

Figure 1

After 20 minutes samples were taken from the liquid in the beaker, and from the liquid inside the Visking tubing. Biochemical tests were carried out on these samples.

Complete Table 1 by placing an X in each box to indicate predicted positive results.

Table 1

Justify your answers to part (b).

Describe the colour change that takes place for a positive result with Benedict’s solution.

State where bile is produced and stored in the human body.

Bile salts bind to fat droplets and break them down into smaller fat droplets.

Explain how this process makes lipid digestion more efficient.

The products of protein and carbohydrate digestion require a co-transporter system for absorption into the epithelial cells of the small intestine. The products of lipid digestion can enter by simple diffusion. 

Explain why absorption of the products of lipid digestion can occur by simple diffusion.

Lactose intolerance is a common occurrence in the adult population. An individual who is lactose intolerant no longer produces the enzyme lactase in their ileum.

Two students were tested for lactose intolerance. They both fasted for 12 hours before drinking a liquid containing 60 g of lactose. The glucose concentration in their blood was measured for the next 125 mins. The results are shown in Figure 1 below.

Figure 1

Suggest which individual is lactose intolerant. Justify your answer.

Biological washing powders often contain enzymes.

An investigation was carried out on washing powder with and without added enzymes to determine how well they were able to remove stains. Figure 1 shows their results.

Figure 1

Suggest how a biological washing powder remove stains.

A biological washing powder manufacturer stated that their product removes all tough stains.

Use the information in Figure 1 to evaluate the manufacturer's claim.

A manufacturer of biological washing powder wanted to develop a washing powder that was effective across a range of different temperatures. They investigated the effect of temperature on the rates of reaction catalysed by two enzymes, A and B. Figure 2 shows their results. 

Figure 2

The manufacturer concluded that enzyme B would be the best enzyme to use.

Use the results from Figure 2 to evaluate this conclusion. 

Suggest and explain one other factor the manufacturers should consider when deciding on the best enzyme to include in the biological washing powder.

Figure 1 shows a cell commonly found in the small intestine.

Figure 1 

Identify organelle C and suggest why there are large numbers of organelle C in these cells.

The structures labelled A can be damaged when people suffer from coeliac disease, a disease of the human digestive system. Sufferers tend to have lower concentrations of amino acids in their blood. 

Suggest why they have lower concentrations of amino acids in their blood.

Figure 2 shows one of the ways in which amino acids are absorbed from the small intestine into the blood.

Figure 2

Cyanide is an inhibitor of mitochondria. In the presence of cyanide, the concentration of  sodium ions in the cell rises and amino acid absorption stops. 

Explain why sodium ions and amino acids will not be absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine in the presence of cyanide. 

Identify the mechanism of movement represented by Q in Figure 2. Explain your answer.

Scientists investigated whether or not there was a difference in lactase activity in adult mice who were fed different types of carbohydrate diets as juveniles. The young mice were divided into four groups, which were fed diets that only differed in carbohydrate content. Table 1 shows their results. 

Table 1

The data is presented with standard deviations for each group.

State why the standard deviations differ. 

A group of scientists concluded that increasing glycogen in the diet in adults was the most effective way to increase lactase activity.

Evaluate this conclusion.

Lactose is often found in milk. Many adults are unable to digest lactose and suffer from intestinal problems if they drink milk. Figure 1 shows an industrial reactor used to produce lactose-reduced milk.

Figure 1

State one benefit of immobilising lactase in this reactor. 

Using Figure 1, explain why the milk must be passed through the reactor several times.

Figure 1 shows some of the events that occur when lipids are digested and absorbed in the small intestine. 

Figure 1

Use Figure 1 to describe how the large lipid droplet is absorbed into the blood stream. 

A group of scientists wanted to investigate the effect of lipase and an 11 % bile salt solution on the digestion of triglycerides. Figure 2 shows their results.

Describe and explain the results shown in Figure 2.

The investigation was repeated at a temperature that was 10 C° lower.

Sketch, on Figure 3 below, the graph you would expect to see at this lower temperature for lipase solution with 11 % bile salts.

Figure 3

Bacteria are often used in industry when scientists need to produce enzymes in large volumes.

Describe how bacteria divide and suggest why they are used in industry to provide enzymes.  

Some bacteria are able to secrete proteases outside of their cells.

Explain a possible advantage of this. 

Mammals can produce extracellular proteases as well as membrane-bound enzymes such as dipeptidases.

Explain why dipeptidases are important in protein digestion. 

Soybeans and other legumes contain chemicals that inhibit the activity of endopeptidase enzymes, such as trypsin.

Explain the effects of these chemicals on protein digestion and absorption.